Metrics also Disagree in the Low Scoring Range: Revisiting Summarization Evaluation Metrics
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Abstract (arXiv)
In text summarization, evaluating the efficacy of automatic metrics without human judgments has become recently popular. One exemplar work concludes that automatic metrics strongly disagree when ranking high-scoring summaries. In this paper, we revisit their experiments and find that their observations stem from the fact that metrics disagree in ranking summaries from any narrow scoring range. We hypothesize that this may be because summaries are similar to each other in a narrow scoring range and are thus, difficult to rank. Apart from the width of the scoring range of summaries, we analyze three other properties that impact inter-metric agreement - Ease of Summarization, Abstractiveness, and Coverage. To encourage reproducible research, we make all our analysis code and data publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 4; 2023: 3; 2024: 0; 2025: 3.
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- 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 719
- 2022News Summarization and Evaluation in the Era of GPT-3cited by 324
- 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluationcited by 241
- 2022Repairing the Cracked Foundation: A Survey of Obstacles in Evaluation Practices for Generated Textcited by 154
- 2021Factual Consistency Evaluation for Text Summarization via Counterfactual Estimationcited by 37
- 2025Multi2: Multi-Agent Test-Time Scalable Framework for Multi-Document Processingcited by 12
- 2022Abstractive Meeting Summarization: A Surveycited by 9
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2023LoRaLay: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Long Range and Layout-Aware Summarizationcited by 4
- 2022Universal Evasion Attacks on Summarization Scoringcited by 2
- 2023Responsible AI Considerations in Text Summarization Research: A Review of Current Practicescited by 2
- 2023RankAug: Augmented data ranking for text classificationcited by 0
- 2025The illusion of a perfect metric: Why evaluating AI's words is harder than it looks19 Aug 2025
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Survey10 Apr 2025
- 2025Multi2: Multi-Agent Test-Time Scalable Framework for Multi-Document Processing27 Feb 2025
- 2023Responsible AI Considerations in Text Summarization Research: A Review of Current Practices18 Nov 2023
- 2023RankAug: Augmented data ranking for text classification8 Nov 2023
- 2023LoRaLay: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Long Range and Layout-Aware Summarization26 Jan 2023
- 2022Universal Evasion Attacks on Summarization Scoring25 Oct 2022
- 2022News Summarization and Evaluation in the Era of GPT-326 Sep 2022
- 2022Abstractive Meeting Summarization: A Survey8 Aug 2022
- 2022Repairing the Cracked Foundation: A Survey of Obstacles in Evaluation Practices for Generated Text14 Feb 2022
- 2021Factual Consistency Evaluation for Text Summarization via Counterfactual Estimation30 Aug 2021
- 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generation22 Jun 2021
1 more
- 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluation23 Mar 2021
- 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 719
- 2022News Summarization and Evaluation in the Era of GPT-3cited by 324
- 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluationcited by 241
- 2022Repairing the Cracked Foundation: A Survey of Obstacles in Evaluation Practices for Generated Textcited by 154
- 2021Factual Consistency Evaluation for Text Summarization via Counterfactual Estimationcited by 37
- 2022Abstractive Meeting Summarization: A Surveycited by 9
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2023LoRaLay: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Long Range and Layout-Aware Summarizationcited by 4
- 2022Universal Evasion Attacks on Summarization Scoringcited by 2
- 2023Responsible AI Considerations in Text Summarization Research: A Review of Current Practicescited by 2
- 2023RankAug: Augmented data ranking for text classificationcited by 0
- 2025The illusion of a perfect metric: Why evaluating AI's words is harder than it lookscited by 0
- 2025The illusion of a perfect metric: Why evaluating AI's words is harder than it looks19 Aug 2025
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Survey10 Apr 2025
- 2023Responsible AI Considerations in Text Summarization Research: A Review of Current Practices18 Nov 2023
- 2023RankAug: Augmented data ranking for text classification8 Nov 2023
- 2023LoRaLay: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Long Range and Layout-Aware Summarization26 Jan 2023
- 2022Universal Evasion Attacks on Summarization Scoring25 Oct 2022
- 2022News Summarization and Evaluation in the Era of GPT-326 Sep 2022
- 2022Abstractive Meeting Summarization: A Survey8 Aug 2022
- 2022Repairing the Cracked Foundation: A Survey of Obstacles in Evaluation Practices for Generated Text14 Feb 2022
- 2021Factual Consistency Evaluation for Text Summarization via Counterfactual Estimation30 Aug 2021
- 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generation22 Jun 2021
- 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluation23 Mar 2021