FreeDOM: A Transferable Neural Architecture for Structured Information Extraction on Web Documents
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Abstract (arXiv)
Extracting structured data from HTML documents is a long-studied problem with a broad range of applications like augmenting knowledge bases, supporting faceted search, and providing domain-specific experiences for key verticals like shopping and movies. Previous approaches have either required a small number of examples for each target site or relied on carefully handcrafted heuristics built over visual renderings of websites. In this paper, we present a novel two-stage neural approach, named FreeDOM, which overcomes both these limitations. The first stage learns a representation for each DOM node in the page by combining both the text and markup information. The second stage captures longer range distance and semantic relatedness using a relational neural network. By combining these stages, FreeDOM is able to generalize to unseen sites after training on a small number of seed sites from that vertical without requiring expensive hand-crafted features over visual renderings of the page. Through experiments on a public dataset with 8 different verticals, we show that FreeDOM beats the previous state of the art by nearly 3.7 F1 points on average without requiring features over rendered pages or expensive hand-crafted features.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 4; 2023: 2; 2024: 7; 2025: 0; 2026: 4.
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- 2021NAS-BERT: Task-Agnostic and Adaptive-Size BERT Compression with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 55
- 2021MarkupLM: Pre-training of Text and Markup Language for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 44
- 2022WebFormer: The Web-page Transformer for Structure Information Extractioncited by 34
- 2022DOM-LM: Learning Generalizable Representations for HTML Documentscited by 24
- 2023Schema-Driven Information Extraction from Heterogeneous Tablescited by 24
- 2024AutoScraper: A Progressive Understanding Web Agent for Web Scraper Generationcited by 18
- 2021Simplified DOM Trees for Transferable Attribute Extraction from the Webcited by 16
- 2021CoVA: Context-aware Visual Attention for Webpage Information Extractioncited by 6
- 2024Hierarchical Multimodal Pre-training for Visually Rich Webpage Understandingcited by 4
- 2022PLAtE: A Large-scale Dataset for List Page Web Extractioncited by 3
- 2021The Klarna Product Page Dataset: Web Element Nomination with Graph Neural Networks and Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024XPath Agent: An Efficient XPath Programming Agent Based on LLM for Web Crawlercited by 2
10 more
- 2023Towards Zero-shot Relation Extraction in Web Mining: A Multimodal Approach with Relative XML Pathcited by 1
- 2024Hypertext Entity Extraction in Webpagecited by 1
- 2022Label-Efficient Self-Training for Attribute Extraction from Semi-Structured Web Documentscited by 0
- 2024AutoFAIR : Automatic Data FAIRification via Machine Readingcited by 0
- 2024Author Unknown: Evaluating Performance of Author Extraction Libraries on Global Online News Articlescited by 0
- 2024Knowledge Bases in Support of Large Language Models for Processing Web Newscited by 0
- 2026LiveWeb-IE: A Benchmark For Online Web Information Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Co-Scraper: query-aware DOM Pruning and Reusable Scraper Synthesis for Lightweight Web Data Extractioncited by 0
- 2026news-crawler-LM: A Small Long-Context Model For High-Quality News Crawlingcited by 0
- 2026Visual-Aware Representation of Web Pages for Machine Learning Applicationscited by 0
- 2026Visual-Aware Representation of Web Pages for Machine Learning Applications19 Aug 2026
- 2026news-crawler-LM: A Small Long-Context Model For High-Quality News Crawling23 Jul 2026
- 2026Co-Scraper: query-aware DOM Pruning and Reusable Scraper Synthesis for Lightweight Web Data Extraction12 Jun 2026
- 2026LiveWeb-IE: A Benchmark For Online Web Information Extraction14 Mar 2026
- 2024XPath Agent: An Efficient XPath Programming Agent Based on LLM for Web Crawler17 Dec 2024
- 2024Knowledge Bases in Support of Large Language Models for Processing Web News13 Nov 2024
- 2024Author Unknown: Evaluating Performance of Author Extraction Libraries on Global Online News Articles13 Oct 2024
- 2024AutoFAIR : Automatic Data FAIRification via Machine Reading7 Aug 2024
- 2024AutoScraper: A Progressive Understanding Web Agent for Web Scraper Generation19 Apr 2024
- 2024Hypertext Entity Extraction in Webpage4 Mar 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Multimodal Pre-training for Visually Rich Webpage Understanding28 Feb 2024
- 2023Schema-Driven Information Extraction from Heterogeneous Tables23 May 2023
10 more
- 2023Towards Zero-shot Relation Extraction in Web Mining: A Multimodal Approach with Relative XML Path23 May 2023
- 2022Label-Efficient Self-Training for Attribute Extraction from Semi-Structured Web Documents27 Aug 2022
- 2022PLAtE: A Large-scale Dataset for List Page Web Extraction24 May 2022
- 2022WebFormer: The Web-page Transformer for Structure Information Extraction1 Feb 2022
- 2022DOM-LM: Learning Generalizable Representations for HTML Documents25 Jan 2022
- 2021The Klarna Product Page Dataset: Web Element Nomination with Graph Neural Networks and Large Language Models3 Nov 2021
- 2021CoVA: Context-aware Visual Attention for Webpage Information Extraction24 Oct 2021
- 2021MarkupLM: Pre-training of Text and Markup Language for Visually-rich Document Understanding16 Oct 2021
- 2021NAS-BERT: Task-Agnostic and Adaptive-Size BERT Compression with Neural Architecture Search30 May 2021
- 2021Simplified DOM Trees for Transferable Attribute Extraction from the Web7 Jan 2021
- 2021NAS-BERT: Task-Agnostic and Adaptive-Size BERT Compression with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 55
- 2021MarkupLM: Pre-training of Text and Markup Language for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 44
- 2022WebFormer: The Web-page Transformer for Structure Information Extractioncited by 34
- 2022DOM-LM: Learning Generalizable Representations for HTML Documentscited by 24
- 2023Schema-Driven Information Extraction from Heterogeneous Tablescited by 24
- 2021Simplified DOM Trees for Transferable Attribute Extraction from the Webcited by 16
- 2021CoVA: Context-aware Visual Attention for Webpage Information Extractioncited by 6
- 2024Hierarchical Multimodal Pre-training for Visually Rich Webpage Understandingcited by 4
- 2022PLAtE: A Large-scale Dataset for List Page Web Extractioncited by 3
- 2021The Klarna Product Page Dataset: Web Element Nomination with Graph Neural Networks and Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024XPath Agent: An Efficient XPath Programming Agent Based on LLM for Web Crawlercited by 2
- 2023Towards Zero-shot Relation Extraction in Web Mining: A Multimodal Approach with Relative XML Pathcited by 1
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Visual-Aware Representation of Web Pages for Machine Learning Applications19 Aug 2026
- 2026news-crawler-LM: A Small Long-Context Model For High-Quality News Crawling23 Jul 2026
- 2026Co-Scraper: query-aware DOM Pruning and Reusable Scraper Synthesis for Lightweight Web Data Extraction12 Jun 2026
- 2026LiveWeb-IE: A Benchmark For Online Web Information Extraction14 Mar 2026
- 2024XPath Agent: An Efficient XPath Programming Agent Based on LLM for Web Crawler17 Dec 2024
- 2024Knowledge Bases in Support of Large Language Models for Processing Web News13 Nov 2024
- 2024Author Unknown: Evaluating Performance of Author Extraction Libraries on Global Online News Articles13 Oct 2024
- 2024AutoFAIR : Automatic Data FAIRification via Machine Reading7 Aug 2024
- 2024Hypertext Entity Extraction in Webpage4 Mar 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Multimodal Pre-training for Visually Rich Webpage Understanding28 Feb 2024
- 2023Schema-Driven Information Extraction from Heterogeneous Tables23 May 2023
- 2023Towards Zero-shot Relation Extraction in Web Mining: A Multimodal Approach with Relative XML Path23 May 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)