DE-GAN: A Conditional Generative Adversarial Network for Document Enhancement
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Abstract (arXiv)
Documents often exhibit various forms of degradation, which make it hard to be read and substantially deteriorate the performance of an OCR system. In this paper, we propose an effective end-to-end framework named Document Enhancement Generative Adversarial Networks (DE-GAN) that uses the conditional GANs (cGANs) to restore severely degraded document images. To the best of our knowledge, this practice has not been studied within the context of generative adversarial deep networks. We demonstrate that, in different tasks (document clean up, binarization, deblurring and watermark removal), DE-GAN can produce an enhanced version of the degraded document with a high quality. In addition, our approach provides consistent improvements compared to state-of-the-art methods over the widely used DIBCO 2013, DIBCO 2017 and H-DIBCO 2018 datasets, proving its ability to restore a degraded document image to its ideal condition. The obtained results on a wide variety of degradation reveal the flexibility of the proposed model to be exploited in other document enhancement problems.
Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 9; 2025: 7; 2026: 6.
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- 2024StyleShot: A Snapshot on Any Stylecited by 62
- 2023DocDiff: Document Enhancement via Residual Diffusion Modelscited by 37
- 2022OCR-IDL: OCR Annotations for Industry Document Library Datasetcited by 35
- 2022DocEnTr: An End-to-End Document Image Enhancement Transformercited by 28
- 2024DocRes: A Generalist Model Toward Unifying Document Image Restoration Taskscited by 27
- 2025Visual Text Processing: A Comprehensive Review and Unified Evaluationcited by 19
- 2021Transformer-Based Approach for Joint Handwriting and Named Entity Recognition in Historical documentscited by 17
- 2022Text-DIAE: A Self-Supervised Degradation Invariant Autoencoders for Text Recognition and Document Enhancementcited by 16
- 2024High-Fidelity Document Stain Removal via A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset and A Memory-Augmented Transformercited by 12
- 2023GDB: Gated convolutions-based Document Binarizationcited by 9
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilitiescited by 9
- 2021SauvolaNet: Learning Adaptive Sauvola Network for Degraded Document Binarizationcited by 8
32 more
- 2021End-to-End Unsupervised Document Image Blind Denoisingcited by 7
- 2021Enhance to Read Better: A Multi-Task Adversarial Network for Handwritten Document Image Enhancementcited by 7
- 2021A Survey on Deep learning based Document Image Enhancementcited by 7
- 2021Light-weight Document Image Cleanup using Perceptual Losscited by 6
- 2022Three-stage binarization of color document images based on discrete wavelet transform and generative adversarial networkscited by 5
- 2025Uni-DocDiff: A Unified Document Restoration Model Based on Diffusioncited by 5
- 2023DocBinFormer: A Two-Level Transformer Network for Effective Document Image Binarizationcited by 4
- 2023ST-KeyS: Self-Supervised Transformer for Keyword Spotting in Historical Handwritten Documentscited by 3
- 2023DocStormer: Revitalizing Multi-Degraded Colored Document Images to Pristine PDFcited by 3
- 2024Binarizing Documents by Leveraging both Space and Frequencycited by 3
- 2023A Layer-Wise Tokens-to-Token Transformer Network for Improved Historical Document Image Enhancementcited by 2
- 2024Npix2Cpix: A GAN-Based Image-to-Image Translation Network With Retrieval- Classification Integration for Watermark Retrieval From Historical Document Imagescited by 2
- 2025TextDoctor: Unified Document Image Inpainting via Patch Pyramid Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2025MFE-GAN: Efficient GAN-based Framework for Document Image Enhancement and Binarization with Multi-scale Feature Extractioncited by 2
- 2026synthocr-gen: A synthetic ocr dataset generator for low-resource languages- breaking the data barriercited by 2
- 2021Generative Adversarial Networks via a Composite Annealing of Noise and Diffusioncited by 1
- 2022Digitizing Historical Balance Sheet Data: A Practitioner's Guidecited by 1
- 2023DECDM: Document Enhancement using Cycle-Consistent Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2024A Fair Evaluation of Various Deep Learning-Based Document Image Binarization Approachescited by 1
- 2024Restoring Ancient Ideograph: A Multimodal Multitask Neural Network Approachcited by 1
- 2024LayeredDoc: Domain Adaptive Document Restoration with a Layer Separation Approachcited by 1
- 2024Scalable Weibull Graph Attention Autoencoder for Modeling Document Networkscited by 1
- 2022Document Image Binarization in JPEG Compressed Domain using Dual Discriminator Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 0
- 2022Variational Augmentation for Enhancing Historical Document Image Binarizationcited by 0
- 2023Transformer-Based UNet with Multi-Headed Cross-Attention Skip Connections to Eliminate Artifacts in Scanned Documentscited by 0
- 2025Partial differential equation system for binarization of degraded document imagescited by 0
- 2025GL-PGENet: A Parameterized Generation Framework for Robust Document Image Enhancementcited by 0
- 2026FP-THD: Full page transcription of historical documentscited by 0
- 2026DocRevive: A Unified Pipeline for Document Text Restorationcited by 0
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operationcited by 0
- 2026DocPure: Prompt-Free Unified Document Restoration via Degradation-Aware Structure-Guided Wavelet Modulationcited by 0
- 2026Systematic Literature Review of Machine Learning Models and Applications for Text Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Systematic Literature Review of Machine Learning Models and Applications for Text Recognition27 Aug 2026
- 2026DocPure: Prompt-Free Unified Document Restoration via Degradation-Aware Structure-Guided Wavelet Modulation10 Aug 2026
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026DocRevive: A Unified Pipeline for Document Text Restoration11 Apr 2026
- 2026synthocr-gen: A synthetic ocr dataset generator for low-resource languages- breaking the data barrier22 Jan 2026
- 2026FP-THD: Full page transcription of historical documents20 Jan 2026
- 2025MFE-GAN: Efficient GAN-based Framework for Document Image Enhancement and Binarization with Multi-scale Feature Extraction16 Dec 2025
- 2025Uni-DocDiff: A Unified Document Restoration Model Based on Diffusion6 Aug 2025
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilities20 Jul 2025
- 2025GL-PGENet: A Parameterized Generation Framework for Robust Document Image Enhancement28 May 2025
- 2025Visual Text Processing: A Comprehensive Review and Unified Evaluation30 Apr 2025
- 2025Partial differential equation system for binarization of degraded document images11 Mar 2025
32 more
- 2025TextDoctor: Unified Document Image Inpainting via Patch Pyramid Diffusion Models6 Mar 2025
- 2024High-Fidelity Document Stain Removal via A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset and A Memory-Augmented Transformer30 Oct 2024
- 2024Scalable Weibull Graph Attention Autoencoder for Modeling Document Networks13 Oct 2024
- 2024StyleShot: A Snapshot on Any Style1 Jul 2024
- 2024LayeredDoc: Domain Adaptive Document Restoration with a Layer Separation Approach12 Jun 2024
- 2024Npix2Cpix: A GAN-Based Image-to-Image Translation Network With Retrieval- Classification Integration for Watermark Retrieval From Historical Document Images5 Jun 2024
- 2024DocRes: A Generalist Model Toward Unifying Document Image Restoration Tasks7 May 2024
- 2024Binarizing Documents by Leveraging both Space and Frequency26 Apr 2024
- 2024Restoring Ancient Ideograph: A Multimodal Multitask Neural Network Approach11 Mar 2024
- 2024A Fair Evaluation of Various Deep Learning-Based Document Image Binarization Approaches22 Jan 2024
- 2023A Layer-Wise Tokens-to-Token Transformer Network for Improved Historical Document Image Enhancement6 Dec 2023
- 2023DocBinFormer: A Two-Level Transformer Network for Effective Document Image Binarization6 Dec 2023
- 2023DECDM: Document Enhancement using Cycle-Consistent Diffusion Models16 Nov 2023
- 2023DocStormer: Revitalizing Multi-Degraded Colored Document Images to Pristine PDF27 Oct 2023
- 2023Transformer-Based UNet with Multi-Headed Cross-Attention Skip Connections to Eliminate Artifacts in Scanned Documents5 Jun 2023
- 2023DocDiff: Document Enhancement via Residual Diffusion Models6 May 2023
- 2023ST-KeyS: Self-Supervised Transformer for Keyword Spotting in Historical Handwritten Documents6 Mar 2023
- 2023GDB: Gated convolutions-based Document Binarization4 Feb 2023
- 2022Three-stage binarization of color document images based on discrete wavelet transform and generative adversarial networks29 Nov 2022
- 2022Variational Augmentation for Enhancing Historical Document Image Binarization12 Nov 2022
- 2022Document Image Binarization in JPEG Compressed Domain using Dual Discriminator Generative Adversarial Networks13 Sep 2022
- 2022Digitizing Historical Balance Sheet Data: A Practitioner's Guide31 Mar 2022
- 2022Text-DIAE: A Self-Supervised Degradation Invariant Autoencoders for Text Recognition and Document Enhancement9 Mar 2022
- 2022OCR-IDL: OCR Annotations for Industry Document Library Dataset25 Feb 2022
- 2022DocEnTr: An End-to-End Document Image Enhancement Transformer25 Jan 2022
- 2021Transformer-Based Approach for Joint Handwriting and Named Entity Recognition in Historical documents8 Dec 2021
- 2021A Survey on Deep learning based Document Image Enhancement6 Dec 2021
- 2021Enhance to Read Better: A Multi-Task Adversarial Network for Handwritten Document Image Enhancement26 May 2021
- 2021End-to-End Unsupervised Document Image Blind Denoising19 May 2021
- 2021Light-weight Document Image Cleanup using Perceptual Loss19 May 2021
- 2021SauvolaNet: Learning Adaptive Sauvola Network for Degraded Document Binarization12 May 2021
- 2021Generative Adversarial Networks via a Composite Annealing of Noise and Diffusion1 May 2021
- 2024StyleShot: A Snapshot on Any Stylecited by 62
- 2022OCR-IDL: OCR Annotations for Industry Document Library Datasetcited by 35
- 2022DocEnTr: An End-to-End Document Image Enhancement Transformercited by 28
- 2024DocRes: A Generalist Model Toward Unifying Document Image Restoration Taskscited by 27
- 2025Visual Text Processing: A Comprehensive Review and Unified Evaluationcited by 19
- 2021Transformer-Based Approach for Joint Handwriting and Named Entity Recognition in Historical documentscited by 17
- 2022Text-DIAE: A Self-Supervised Degradation Invariant Autoencoders for Text Recognition and Document Enhancementcited by 16
- 2024High-Fidelity Document Stain Removal via A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset and A Memory-Augmented Transformercited by 12
- 2023GDB: Gated convolutions-based Document Binarizationcited by 9
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilitiescited by 9
- 2021SauvolaNet: Learning Adaptive Sauvola Network for Degraded Document Binarizationcited by 8
- 2021End-to-End Unsupervised Document Image Blind Denoisingcited by 7
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2026Systematic Literature Review of Machine Learning Models and Applications for Text Recognition27 Aug 2026
- 2026DocPure: Prompt-Free Unified Document Restoration via Degradation-Aware Structure-Guided Wavelet Modulation10 Aug 2026
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026DocRevive: A Unified Pipeline for Document Text Restoration11 Apr 2026
- 2026synthocr-gen: A synthetic ocr dataset generator for low-resource languages- breaking the data barrier22 Jan 2026
- 2026FP-THD: Full page transcription of historical documents20 Jan 2026
- 2025MFE-GAN: Efficient GAN-based Framework for Document Image Enhancement and Binarization with Multi-scale Feature Extraction16 Dec 2025
- 2025Uni-DocDiff: A Unified Document Restoration Model Based on Diffusion6 Aug 2025
- 2025OCRGenBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating OCR Generative Capabilities20 Jul 2025
- 2025GL-PGENet: A Parameterized Generation Framework for Robust Document Image Enhancement28 May 2025
- 2025Visual Text Processing: A Comprehensive Review and Unified Evaluation30 Apr 2025
- 2025Partial differential equation system for binarization of degraded document images11 Mar 2025
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)