Not Low-Resource Anymore: Aligner Ensembling, Batch Filtering, and New Datasets for Bengali-English Machine Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite being the seventh most widely spoken language in the world, Bengali has received much less attention in machine translation literature due to being low in resources. Most publicly available parallel corpora for Bengali are not large enough; and have rather poor quality, mostly because of incorrect sentence alignments resulting from erroneous sentence segmentation, and also because of a high volume of noise present in them. In this work, we build a customized sentence segmenter for Bengali and propose two novel methods for parallel corpus creation on low-resource setups: aligner ensembling and batch filtering. With the segmenter and the two methods combined, we compile a high-quality Bengali-English parallel corpus comprising of 2.75 million sentence pairs, more than 2 million of which were not available before. Training on neural models, we achieve an improvement of more than 9 BLEU score over previous approaches to Bengali-English machine translation. We also evaluate on a new test set of 1000 pairs made with extensive quality control. We release the segmenter, parallel corpus, and the evaluation set, thus elevating Bengali from its low-resource status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ever large scale study on Bengali-English machine translation. We believe our study will pave the way for future research on Bengali-English machine translation as well as other low-resource languages. Our data and code are available at https://github.com/csebuetnlp/banglanmt.
Key facts. Cited by 53 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 14; 2024: 12; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
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- 2021Samanantar: The Largest Publicly Available Parallel Corpora Collection for 11 Indic Languagescited by 136
- 2021BanglaBERT: Language Model Pretraining and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Language Understanding Evaluation in Banglacited by 125
- 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 92
- 2022BanglaNLG and BanglaT5: Benchmarks and Resources for Evaluating Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Banglacited by 42
- 2022BanglaParaphrase: A High-Quality Bangla Paraphrase Datasetcited by 15
- 2022Recent Advances in Neural Text Generation: A Task-Agnostic Surveycited by 14
- 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settingscited by 14
- 2021A Review of Bangla Natural Language Processing Tasks and the Utility of Transformer Modelscited by 13
- 2024The Zeno's Paradox of `Low-Resource' Languagescited by 12
- 2022JamPatoisNLI: A Jamaican Patois Natural Language Inference Datasetcited by 11
- 2023Vacaspati: A Diverse Corpus of Bangla Literaturecited by 10
- 2023Vashantor: A Large-scale Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Automated Translation of Bangla Regional Dialects to Bangla Languagecited by 10
38 more
- 2023CODET: A Benchmark for Contrastive Dialectal Evaluation of Machine Translationcited by 9
- 2025TituLLMs: A Family of Bangla LLMs with Comprehensive Benchmarkingcited by 9
- 2024Too Late to Train, Too Early To Use? A Study on Necessity and Viability of Low-Resource Bengali LLMscited by 7
- 2024Table Question Answering for Low-resourced Indic Languagescited by 7
- 2022Separating Grains from the Chaff: Using Data Filtering to Improve Multilingual Translation for Low-Resourced African Languagescited by 6
- 2024Synthetic Data Generation and Joint Learning for Robust Code-Mixed Translationcited by 5
- 2024An Empirical Study of Gendered Stereotypes in Emotional Attributes for Bangla in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Multi-ToM: Evaluating Multilingual Theory of Mind Capabilities in Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2022BAN-Cap: A Multi-Purpose English-Bangla Image Descriptions Datasetcited by 4
- 2023Model Adaptation for ASR in low-resource Indian Languagescited by 4
- 2023MILPaC: A Novel Benchmark for Evaluating Translation of Legal Text to Indian Languagescited by 4
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformerscited by 4
- 2024An Empirical Study on the Characteristics of Bias upon Context Length Variation for Banglacited by 4
- 2025ANCHOLIK-NER: A Benchmark Dataset for Bangla Regional Named Entity Recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Bengali Fake Review Detection using Semi-supervised Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 3
- 2023BanglaCoNER: Towards Robust Bangla Complex Named Entity Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023On Evaluation of Bangla Word Analogiescited by 2
- 2023Tackling Fake News in Bengali: Unraveling the Impact of Summarization vs. Augmentation on Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026BanglaIPA: Towards Robust Text-to-IPA Transcription with Contextual Rewriting in Bengalicited by 2
- 2023RSM-NLP at BLP-2023 Task 2: Bangla Sentiment Analysis using Weighted and Majority Voted Fine-Tuned Transformerscited by 1
- 2023BanglaBait: Semi-Supervised Adversarial Approach for Clickbait Detection on Bangla Clickbait Datasetcited by 1
- 2023Explainable Multimodal Sentiment Analysis on Bengali Memescited by 1
- 2024A Data Selection Approach for Enhancing Low Resource Machine Translation Using Cross-Lingual Sentence Representationscited by 1
- 2024BanglaEmbed: Efficient Sentence Embedding Models for a Low-Resource Language Using Cross-Lingual Distillation Techniquescited by 1
- 2025BeliN: A Novel Corpus for Bengali Religious News Headline Generation using Contextual Feature Fusioncited by 1
- 2025GraDeT-HTR: A Resource-Efficient Bengali Handwritten Text Recognition System utilizing Grapheme-based Tokenizer and Decoder-only Transformercited by 1
- 2025Ready to Translate, Not to Represent? Bias and Performance Gaps in Multilingual LLMs Across Language Families and Domainscited by 1
- 2025BanglaSTEM: A Parallel Corpus for Technical Domain Bangla-English Translationcited by 1
- 2021Don't Rule Out Monolingual Speakers: A Method For Crowdsourcing Machine Translation Datacited by 0
- 2022TEAM-Atreides at SemEval-2022 Task 11: On leveraging data augmentation and ensemble to recognize complex Named Entities in Banglacited by 0
- 2023Bengali Fake Reviews: A Benchmark Dataset and Detection Systemcited by 0
- 2024ChakmaNMT: Machine Translation for a Low-Resource and Endangered Language via Transliterationcited by 0
- 2024Language verY Rare for Allcited by 0
- 2025BTPD: A Multilingual Hand-curated Dataset of Bengali Transnational Political Discourse Across Online Communitiescited by 0
- 2025How do datasets, developers, and models affect biases in a low-resourced language?: The Case of the Bengali Languagecited by 0
- 2025From Scratch to Fine-Tuned: A Comparative Study of Transformer Training Strategies for Legal Machine Translationcited by 0
- 2026BanglaLorica: Design and Evaluation of a Robust Watermarking Algorithm for Large Language Models in Bangla Text Generationcited by 0
- 2025Lexical and Statistical Analysis of Bangla Newspaper and Literature: A Corpus-Driven Study on Diversity, Readability, and NLP Adaptationcited by 0
50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)
- 2026Surpassing Scale by Efficiency: A Compact 135M Parameter Foundational LLM Natively Adapted for the Bangla Language15 Jun 2026
- 2026CBRS: Cognitive Blood Request System with Bilingual Dataset and Dual-Layer Filtering for Multi-Platform Social Streams17 Apr 2026
- 2026Detecting Hate and Inflammatory Content in Bengali Memes: A New Multimodal Dataset and Co-Attention Framework25 Feb 2026
- 2026BanglaLorica: Design and Evaluation of a Robust Watermarking Algorithm for Large Language Models in Bangla Text Generation8 Jan 2026
- 2026BanglaIPA: Towards Robust Text-to-IPA Transcription with Contextual Rewriting in Bengali5 Jan 2026
- 2025From Scratch to Fine-Tuned: A Comparative Study of Transformer Training Strategies for Legal Machine Translation21 Dec 2025
- 2025Lexical and Statistical Analysis of Bangla Newspaper and Literature: A Corpus-Driven Study on Diversity, Readability, and NLP Adaptation15 Dec 2025
- 2025BanglaSTEM: A Parallel Corpus for Technical Domain Bangla-English Translation5 Nov 2025
- 2025Ready to Translate, Not to Represent? Bias and Performance Gaps in Multilingual LLMs Across Language Families and Domains9 Oct 2025
- 2025GraDeT-HTR: A Resource-Efficient Bengali Handwritten Text Recognition System utilizing Grapheme-based Tokenizer and Decoder-only Transformer22 Sep 2025
- 2025How do datasets, developers, and models affect biases in a low-resourced language?: The Case of the Bengali Language7 Jun 2025
- 2025BTPD: A Multilingual Hand-curated Dataset of Bengali Transnational Political Discourse Across Online Communities7 Jun 2025
38 more
- 2025ANCHOLIK-NER: A Benchmark Dataset for Bangla Regional Named Entity Recognition16 Feb 2025
- 2025TituLLMs: A Family of Bangla LLMs with Comprehensive Benchmarking16 Feb 2025
- 2025BeliN: A Novel Corpus for Bengali Religious News Headline Generation using Contextual Feature Fusion2 Jan 2025
- 2024Language verY Rare for All18 Dec 2024
- 2024Multi-ToM: Evaluating Multilingual Theory of Mind Capabilities in Large Language Models24 Nov 2024
- 2024BanglaEmbed: Efficient Sentence Embedding Models for a Low-Resource Language Using Cross-Lingual Distillation Techniques22 Nov 2024
- 2024The Zeno's Paradox of `Low-Resource' Languages28 Oct 2024
- 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settings17 Oct 2024
- 2024ChakmaNMT: Machine Translation for a Low-Resource and Endangered Language via Transliteration14 Oct 2024
- 2024Table Question Answering for Low-resourced Indic Languages4 Oct 2024
- 2024A Data Selection Approach for Enhancing Low Resource Machine Translation Using Cross-Lingual Sentence Representations4 Sep 2024
- 2024An Empirical Study of Gendered Stereotypes in Emotional Attributes for Bangla in Multilingual Large Language Models8 Jul 2024
- 2024Too Late to Train, Too Early To Use? A Study on Necessity and Viability of Low-Resource Bengali LLMs29 Jun 2024
- 2024An Empirical Study on the Characteristics of Bias upon Context Length Variation for Bangla25 Jun 2024
- 2024Synthetic Data Generation and Joint Learning for Robust Code-Mixed Translation25 Mar 2024
- 2023Explainable Multimodal Sentiment Analysis on Bengali Memes20 Dec 2023
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformers9 Dec 2023
- 2023Vashantor: A Large-scale Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Automated Translation of Bangla Regional Dialects to Bangla Language18 Nov 2023
- 2023BanglaBait: Semi-Supervised Adversarial Approach for Clickbait Detection on Bangla Clickbait Dataset10 Nov 2023
- 2023RSM-NLP at BLP-2023 Task 2: Bangla Sentiment Analysis using Weighted and Majority Voted Fine-Tuned Transformers22 Oct 2023
- 2023MILPaC: A Novel Benchmark for Evaluating Translation of Legal Text to Indian Languages15 Oct 2023
- 2023Bengali Fake Reviews: A Benchmark Dataset and Detection System3 Aug 2023
- 2023Model Adaptation for ASR in low-resource Indian Languages16 Jul 2023
- 2023Tackling Fake News in Bengali: Unraveling the Impact of Summarization vs. Augmentation on Pre-trained Language Models13 Jul 2023
- 2023Vacaspati: A Diverse Corpus of Bangla Literature11 Jul 2023
- 2023CODET: A Benchmark for Contrastive Dialectal Evaluation of Machine Translation26 May 2023
- 2023On Evaluation of Bangla Word Analogies10 Apr 2023
- 2023Bengali Fake Review Detection using Semi-supervised Generative Adversarial Networks5 Apr 2023
- 2023BanglaCoNER: Towards Robust Bangla Complex Named Entity Recognition16 Mar 2023
- 2022JamPatoisNLI: A Jamaican Patois Natural Language Inference Dataset7 Dec 2022
- 2022Separating Grains from the Chaff: Using Data Filtering to Improve Multilingual Translation for Low-Resourced African Languages19 Oct 2022
- 2022BanglaParaphrase: A High-Quality Bangla Paraphrase Dataset11 Oct 2022
- 2022BAN-Cap: A Multi-Purpose English-Bangla Image Descriptions Dataset28 May 2022
- 2022BanglaNLG and BanglaT5: Benchmarks and Resources for Evaluating Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Bangla23 May 2022
- 2022TEAM-Atreides at SemEval-2022 Task 11: On leveraging data augmentation and ensemble to recognize complex Named Entities in Bangla21 Apr 2022
- 2022Recent Advances in Neural Text Generation: A Task-Agnostic Survey6 Mar 2022
- 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translation1 Sep 2021
- 2021A Review of Bangla Natural Language Processing Tasks and the Utility of Transformer Models8 Jul 2021
50 newest of 53 All 53 (JSON)
- 2021Samanantar: The Largest Publicly Available Parallel Corpora Collection for 11 Indic Languagescited by 136
- 2021BanglaBERT: Language Model Pretraining and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Language Understanding Evaluation in Banglacited by 125
- 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 92
- 2022BanglaNLG and BanglaT5: Benchmarks and Resources for Evaluating Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Banglacited by 42
- 2022BanglaParaphrase: A High-Quality Bangla Paraphrase Datasetcited by 15
- 2022Recent Advances in Neural Text Generation: A Task-Agnostic Surveycited by 14
- 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settingscited by 14
- 2021A Review of Bangla Natural Language Processing Tasks and the Utility of Transformer Modelscited by 13
- 2024The Zeno's Paradox of `Low-Resource' Languagescited by 12
- 2022JamPatoisNLI: A Jamaican Patois Natural Language Inference Datasetcited by 11
- 2023Vacaspati: A Diverse Corpus of Bangla Literaturecited by 10
- 2023Vashantor: A Large-scale Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Automated Translation of Bangla Regional Dialects to Bangla Languagecited by 10
12 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026Surpassing Scale by Efficiency: A Compact 135M Parameter Foundational LLM Natively Adapted for the Bangla Language15 Jun 2026
- 2026CBRS: Cognitive Blood Request System with Bilingual Dataset and Dual-Layer Filtering for Multi-Platform Social Streams17 Apr 2026
- 2026Detecting Hate and Inflammatory Content in Bengali Memes: A New Multimodal Dataset and Co-Attention Framework25 Feb 2026
- 2026BanglaIPA: Towards Robust Text-to-IPA Transcription with Contextual Rewriting in Bengali5 Jan 2026
- 2025From Scratch to Fine-Tuned: A Comparative Study of Transformer Training Strategies for Legal Machine Translation21 Dec 2025
- 2025Lexical and Statistical Analysis of Bangla Newspaper and Literature: A Corpus-Driven Study on Diversity, Readability, and NLP Adaptation15 Dec 2025
- 2025BanglaSTEM: A Parallel Corpus for Technical Domain Bangla-English Translation5 Nov 2025
- 2025Ready to Translate, Not to Represent? Bias and Performance Gaps in Multilingual LLMs Across Language Families and Domains9 Oct 2025
- 2025GraDeT-HTR: A Resource-Efficient Bengali Handwritten Text Recognition System utilizing Grapheme-based Tokenizer and Decoder-only Transformer22 Sep 2025
- 2025How do datasets, developers, and models affect biases in a low-resourced language?: The Case of the Bengali Language7 Jun 2025
- 2025BTPD: A Multilingual Hand-curated Dataset of Bengali Transnational Political Discourse Across Online Communities7 Jun 2025
- 2025ANCHOLIK-NER: A Benchmark Dataset for Bangla Regional Named Entity Recognition16 Feb 2025
12 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)