When Federated Learning Meets Blockchain: A New Distributed Learning Paradigm
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Abstract (arXiv)
Motivated by the explosive computing capabilities at end user equipments, as well as the growing privacy concerns over sharing sensitive raw data, a new machine learning paradigm, named federated learning (FL) has emerged. By training models locally at each client and aggregating learning models at a central server, FL has the capability to avoid sharing data directly, thereby reducing privacy leakage. However, the traditional FL framework heavily relies on a single central server and may fall apart if such a server behaves maliciously. To address this single point of failure issue, this work investigates a blockchain assisted decentralized FL (BLADE-FL) framework, which can well prevent the malicious clients from poisoning the learning process, and further provides a self-motivated and reliable learning environment for clients. In detail, the model aggregation process is fully decentralized and the tasks of training for FL and mining for blockchain are integrated into each participant. In addition, we investigate the unique issues in this framework and provide analytical and experimental results to shed light on possible solutions.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 8; 2025: 1; 2026: 4.
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- 2021A Systematic Survey of Blockchained Federated Learningcited by 15
- 2022Trustworthy Federated Learning via Blockchaincited by 15
- 2023IronForge: An Open, Secure, Fair, Decentralized Federated Learningcited by 15
- 2023Federated Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Recent Applications and Open Problemscited by 15
- 2021Robust Blockchained Federated Learning with Model Validation and Proof-of-Stake Inspired Consensuscited by 14
- 2021OmniLytics: A Blockchain-based Secure Data Market for Decentralized Machine Learningcited by 9
- 2022FedToken: Tokenized Incentives for Data Contribution in Federated Learningcited by 9
- 2023G2uardFL: Safeguarding Federated Learning Against Backdoor Attacks through Attributed Client Graph Clusteringcited by 9
- 2023Defending Against Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learning with Blockchaincited by 8
- 2024Enhancing Trust and Privacy in Distributed Networks: A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-based Federated Learningcited by 8
- 2022Blockchain-based Secure Client Selection in Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2024Decentralised, Collaborative, and Privacy-preserving Machine Learning for Multi-Hospital Datacited by 5
19 more
- 2024Blockchain-empowered Federated Learning: Benefits, Challenges, and Solutionscited by 5
- 2022FAIR-BFL: Flexible and Incentive Redesign for Blockchain-based Federated Learningcited by 4
- 2023Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning: A Reference Architecture Design, Implementation, and Verificationcited by 4
- 2023Federated Learning for 6G: Paradigms, Taxonomy, Recent Advances and Insightscited by 4
- 2023A Survey on Secure and Private Federated Learning Using Blockchain: Theory and Application in Resource-constrained Computingcited by 3
- 2021Analysis and Evaluation of Synchronous and Asynchronous FLchaincited by 2
- 2023Use of Federated Learning and Blockchain towards Securing Financial Servicescited by 2
- 2024Swarm Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Applications, and Trendscited by 2
- 2024Decentralized Intelligence Network (DIN)cited by 2
- 2024Federated Learning and AI Regulation in the European Union: Who is Responsible? -- An Interdisciplinary Analysiscited by 1
- 2022A Framework for Verifiable and Auditable Federated Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2022Leveraging Centric Data Federated Learning Using Blockchain For Integrity Assurancecited by 0
- 2024Robust Model Aggregation for Heterogeneous Federated Learning: Analysis and Optimizationscited by 0
- 2024Adversarial Federated Consensus Learning for Surface Defect Classification Under Data Heterogeneity in IIoTcited by 0
- 2025A new framework for prognostics in decentralized industries: Enhancing fairness, security, and transparency through Blockchain and Federated Learningcited by 0
- 2026Robust Server Defense Against Unreliable Clients in One-Shot Fair Collaborative Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2026Skillsets on the Chain: A Blockchain-based Zero-Trust Framework for Agentic AI Networkingcited by 0
- 2026A Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Smart-Contract-Coordinated Federated Learning Marketplacescited by 0
- 2026Upholding Robustness in Federated Learning: Trends, Emerging Strategies, and Research Opportunitiescited by 0
- 2026Upholding Robustness in Federated Learning: Trends, Emerging Strategies, and Research Opportunities23 Sep 2026
- 2026Skillsets on the Chain: A Blockchain-based Zero-Trust Framework for Agentic AI Networking31 Jul 2026
- 2026A Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Smart-Contract-Coordinated Federated Learning Marketplaces23 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Server Defense Against Unreliable Clients in One-Shot Fair Collaborative Machine Learning9 May 2026
- 2025A new framework for prognostics in decentralized industries: Enhancing fairness, security, and transparency through Blockchain and Federated Learning17 Feb 2025
- 2024Adversarial Federated Consensus Learning for Surface Defect Classification Under Data Heterogeneity in IIoT24 Sep 2024
- 2024Federated Learning and AI Regulation in the European Union: Who is Responsible? -- An Interdisciplinary Analysis11 Jul 2024
- 2024Decentralized Intelligence Network (DIN)2 Jul 2024
- 2024Robust Model Aggregation for Heterogeneous Federated Learning: Analysis and Optimizations11 May 2024
- 2024Swarm Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Applications, and Trends1 May 2024
- 2024Enhancing Trust and Privacy in Distributed Networks: A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-based Federated Learning28 Mar 2024
- 2024Blockchain-empowered Federated Learning: Benefits, Challenges, and Solutions1 Mar 2024
19 more
- 2024Decentralised, Collaborative, and Privacy-preserving Machine Learning for Multi-Hospital Data31 Jan 2024
- 2023Federated Learning for 6G: Paradigms, Taxonomy, Recent Advances and Insights7 Dec 2023
- 2023Federated Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Recent Applications and Open Problems20 Sep 2023
- 2023Defending Against Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learning with Blockchain2 Jul 2023
- 2023Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning: A Reference Architecture Design, Implementation, and Verification19 Jun 2023
- 2023G2uardFL: Safeguarding Federated Learning Against Backdoor Attacks through Attributed Client Graph Clustering8 Jun 2023
- 2023A Survey on Secure and Private Federated Learning Using Blockchain: Theory and Application in Resource-constrained Computing24 Mar 2023
- 2023Use of Federated Learning and Blockchain towards Securing Financial Services4 Feb 2023
- 2023IronForge: An Open, Secure, Fair, Decentralized Federated Learning7 Jan 2023
- 2022FedToken: Tokenized Incentives for Data Contribution in Federated Learning20 Sep 2022
- 2022Trustworthy Federated Learning via Blockchain13 Aug 2022
- 2022FAIR-BFL: Flexible and Incentive Redesign for Blockchain-based Federated Learning26 Jun 2022
- 2022Leveraging Centric Data Federated Learning Using Blockchain For Integrity Assurance9 Jun 2022
- 2022Blockchain-based Secure Client Selection in Federated Learning11 May 2022
- 2022A Framework for Verifiable and Auditable Federated Anomaly Detection15 Mar 2022
- 2021Analysis and Evaluation of Synchronous and Asynchronous FLchain15 Dec 2021
- 2021A Systematic Survey of Blockchained Federated Learning5 Oct 2021
- 2021OmniLytics: A Blockchain-based Secure Data Market for Decentralized Machine Learning12 Jul 2021
- 2021Robust Blockchained Federated Learning with Model Validation and Proof-of-Stake Inspired Consensus9 Jan 2021
- 2021A Systematic Survey of Blockchained Federated Learningcited by 15
- 2022Trustworthy Federated Learning via Blockchaincited by 15
- 2023IronForge: An Open, Secure, Fair, Decentralized Federated Learningcited by 15
- 2023Federated Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Recent Applications and Open Problemscited by 15
- 2021Robust Blockchained Federated Learning with Model Validation and Proof-of-Stake Inspired Consensuscited by 14
- 2021OmniLytics: A Blockchain-based Secure Data Market for Decentralized Machine Learningcited by 9
- 2022FedToken: Tokenized Incentives for Data Contribution in Federated Learningcited by 9
- 2023G2uardFL: Safeguarding Federated Learning Against Backdoor Attacks through Attributed Client Graph Clusteringcited by 9
- 2023Defending Against Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learning with Blockchaincited by 8
- 2024Enhancing Trust and Privacy in Distributed Networks: A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-based Federated Learningcited by 8
- 2022Blockchain-based Secure Client Selection in Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2024Decentralised, Collaborative, and Privacy-preserving Machine Learning for Multi-Hospital Datacited by 5
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026Upholding Robustness in Federated Learning: Trends, Emerging Strategies, and Research Opportunities23 Sep 2026
- 2026A Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Smart-Contract-Coordinated Federated Learning Marketplaces23 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Server Defense Against Unreliable Clients in One-Shot Fair Collaborative Machine Learning9 May 2026
- 2025A new framework for prognostics in decentralized industries: Enhancing fairness, security, and transparency through Blockchain and Federated Learning17 Feb 2025
- 2024Adversarial Federated Consensus Learning for Surface Defect Classification Under Data Heterogeneity in IIoT24 Sep 2024
- 2024Federated Learning and AI Regulation in the European Union: Who is Responsible? -- An Interdisciplinary Analysis11 Jul 2024
- 2024Decentralized Intelligence Network (DIN)2 Jul 2024
- 2024Robust Model Aggregation for Heterogeneous Federated Learning: Analysis and Optimizations11 May 2024
- 2024Swarm Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Applications, and Trends1 May 2024
- 2024Enhancing Trust and Privacy in Distributed Networks: A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-based Federated Learning28 Mar 2024
- 2024Blockchain-empowered Federated Learning: Benefits, Challenges, and Solutions1 Mar 2024
- 2024Decentralised, Collaborative, and Privacy-preserving Machine Learning for Multi-Hospital Data31 Jan 2024
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)