Crossing The Gap: A Deep Dive into Zero-Shot Sim-to-Real Transfer for Dynamics
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Abstract (arXiv)
Zero-shot sim-to-real transfer of tasks with complex dynamics is a highly challenging and unsolved problem. A number of solutions have been proposed in recent years, but we have found that many works do not present a thorough evaluation in the real world, or underplay the significant engineering effort and task-specific fine tuning that is required to achieve the published results. In this paper, we dive deeper into the sim-to-real transfer challenge, investigate why this is such a difficult problem, and present objective evaluations of a number of transfer methods across a range of real-world tasks. Surprisingly, we found that a method which simply injects random forces into the simulation performs just as well as more complex methods, such as those which randomise the simulator's dynamics parameters, or adapt a policy online using recurrent network architectures.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 1; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
- 2025A Survey of Sim-to-Real Methods in RL: Progress, Prospects and Challenges with Foundation Modelscited by 36
- 2022DROPO: Sim-to-Real Transfer with Offline Domain Randomizationcited by 16
- 2022Learning and Deploying Robust Locomotion Policies with Minimal Dynamics Randomizationcited by 15
- 2023Domain Randomization via Entropy Maximizationcited by 15
- 2021Dual Online Stein Variational Inference for Control and Dynamicscited by 10
- 2021Coarse-to-Fine for Sim-to-Real: Sub-Millimetre Precision Across Wide Task Spacescited by 9
- 2021Learning Eye-in-Hand Camera Calibration from a Single Imagecited by 8
- 2023Robust Visual Sim-to-Real Transfer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 5
- 2025Flow-based Domain Randomization for Learning and Sequencing Robotic Skillscited by 4
- 2021Domain Curiosity: Learning Efficient Data Collection Strategies for Domain Adaptationcited by 1
- 2023Roll-Drop: accounting for observation noise with a single parametercited by 1
8 more
- 2024Intervention-Assisted Policy Gradient Methods for Online Stochastic Queuing Network Optimization: Technical Reportcited by 1
- 2025Shaping Laser Pulses with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Safe Continual Domain Adaptation after Sim2Real Transfer of Reinforcement Learning Policies in Roboticscited by 1
- 2026The Sim-to-Real Gap of Foundation Model Agents: A Unified MDP Perspectivecited by 1
- 2025Variable-Friction In-Hand Manipulation for Arbitrary Objects via Diffusion-Based Imitation Learningcited by 0
- 2025Direct transfer of optimized controllers to similar systems using dimensionless MPCcited by 0
- 2026Sim-to-Real of Humanoid Locomotion Policies via Joint Torque Space Perturbation Injectioncited by 0
- 2026How Should a Simulation-to-Reality Transfer Budget Be Spent?cited by 0
- 2026How Should a Simulation-to-Reality Transfer Budget Be Spent?20 Jun 2026
- 2026The Sim-to-Real Gap of Foundation Model Agents: A Unified MDP Perspective5 Jun 2026
- 2026Sim-to-Real of Humanoid Locomotion Policies via Joint Torque Space Perturbation Injection23 Mar 2026
- 2025Direct transfer of optimized controllers to similar systems using dimensionless MPC9 Dec 2025
- 2025Safe Continual Domain Adaptation after Sim2Real Transfer of Reinforcement Learning Policies in Robotics13 Mar 2025
- 2025Variable-Friction In-Hand Manipulation for Arbitrary Objects via Diffusion-Based Imitation Learning4 Mar 2025
- 2025Shaping Laser Pulses with Reinforcement Learning1 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Sim-to-Real Methods in RL: Progress, Prospects and Challenges with Foundation Models18 Feb 2025
- 2025Flow-based Domain Randomization for Learning and Sequencing Robotic Skills3 Feb 2025
- 2024Intervention-Assisted Policy Gradient Methods for Online Stochastic Queuing Network Optimization: Technical Report5 Apr 2024
- 2023Domain Randomization via Entropy Maximization3 Nov 2023
- 2023Robust Visual Sim-to-Real Transfer for Robotic Manipulation28 Jul 2023
8 more
- 2023Roll-Drop: accounting for observation noise with a single parameter25 Apr 2023
- 2022Learning and Deploying Robust Locomotion Policies with Minimal Dynamics Randomization26 Sep 2022
- 2022DROPO: Sim-to-Real Transfer with Offline Domain Randomization20 Jan 2022
- 2021Learning Eye-in-Hand Camera Calibration from a Single Image1 Nov 2021
- 2021Coarse-to-Fine for Sim-to-Real: Sub-Millimetre Precision Across Wide Task Spaces24 May 2021
- 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detection30 Mar 2021
- 2021Dual Online Stein Variational Inference for Control and Dynamics23 Mar 2021
- 2021Domain Curiosity: Learning Efficient Data Collection Strategies for Domain Adaptation12 Mar 2021
- 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
- 2025A Survey of Sim-to-Real Methods in RL: Progress, Prospects and Challenges with Foundation Modelscited by 36
- 2022DROPO: Sim-to-Real Transfer with Offline Domain Randomizationcited by 16
- 2022Learning and Deploying Robust Locomotion Policies with Minimal Dynamics Randomizationcited by 15
- 2023Domain Randomization via Entropy Maximizationcited by 15
- 2021Dual Online Stein Variational Inference for Control and Dynamicscited by 10
- 2021Coarse-to-Fine for Sim-to-Real: Sub-Millimetre Precision Across Wide Task Spacescited by 9
- 2021Learning Eye-in-Hand Camera Calibration from a Single Imagecited by 8
- 2023Robust Visual Sim-to-Real Transfer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 5
- 2025Flow-based Domain Randomization for Learning and Sequencing Robotic Skillscited by 4
- 2021Domain Curiosity: Learning Efficient Data Collection Strategies for Domain Adaptationcited by 1
- 2023Roll-Drop: accounting for observation noise with a single parametercited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026How Should a Simulation-to-Reality Transfer Budget Be Spent?20 Jun 2026
- 2026Sim-to-Real of Humanoid Locomotion Policies via Joint Torque Space Perturbation Injection23 Mar 2026
- 2025Direct transfer of optimized controllers to similar systems using dimensionless MPC9 Dec 2025
- 2025Safe Continual Domain Adaptation after Sim2Real Transfer of Reinforcement Learning Policies in Robotics13 Mar 2025
- 2025Shaping Laser Pulses with Reinforcement Learning1 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Sim-to-Real Methods in RL: Progress, Prospects and Challenges with Foundation Models18 Feb 2025
- 2025Flow-based Domain Randomization for Learning and Sequencing Robotic Skills3 Feb 2025
- 2024Intervention-Assisted Policy Gradient Methods for Online Stochastic Queuing Network Optimization: Technical Report5 Apr 2024
- 2023Domain Randomization via Entropy Maximization3 Nov 2023
- 2023Robust Visual Sim-to-Real Transfer for Robotic Manipulation28 Jul 2023
- 2023Roll-Drop: accounting for observation noise with a single parameter25 Apr 2023
- 2022Learning and Deploying Robust Locomotion Policies with Minimal Dynamics Randomization26 Sep 2022
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)