Learning to Drive (L2D) as a Low-Cost Benchmark for Real-World Reinforcement Learning
On the map: Offline RL and imitation learning from data → Imitation and offline RL for driving
Abstract (arXiv)
We present Learning to Drive (L2D), a low-cost benchmark for real-world reinforcement learning (RL). L2D involves a simple and reproducible experimental setup where an RL agent has to learn to drive a Donkey car around three miniature tracks, given only monocular image observations and speed of the car. The agent has to learn to drive from disengagements, which occurs when it drives off the track. We present and open-source our training pipeline, which makes it straightforward to apply any existing RL algorithm to the task of autonomous driving with a Donkey car. We test imitation learning, state-of-the-art model-free, and model-based algorithms on the proposed L2D benchmark. Our results show that existing RL algorithms can learn to drive the car from scratch in less than five minutes of interaction. We demonstrate that RL algorithms can learn from sparse and noisy disengagement to drive even faster than imitation learning and a human operator.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation and offline RL for driving, one of 13 directions in Offline RL and imitation learning from data. First posted on arXiv 3 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 0; 2023: 2; 2024: 0; 2025: 2.
5 papers.
- 2021Mind the Gap! A Study on the Transferability of Virtual vs Physical-world Testing of Autonomous Driving Systemscited by 36
- 2023Testing of Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents with Surrogate Modelscited by 12
- 2023Two is Better Than One: Digital Siblings to Improve Autonomous Driving Testingcited by 8
- 2025Benchmarking Image Perturbations for Testing Automated Driving Assistance Systemscited by 4
- 2025A Multi-Modality Evaluation of the Reality Gap in Autonomous Driving Systemscited by 1
- 2025A Multi-Modality Evaluation of the Reality Gap in Autonomous Driving Systems26 Sep 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Image Perturbations for Testing Automated Driving Assistance Systems21 Jan 2025
- 2023Testing of Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents with Surrogate Models22 May 2023
- 2023Two is Better Than One: Digital Siblings to Improve Autonomous Driving Testing14 May 2023
- 2021Mind the Gap! A Study on the Transferability of Virtual vs Physical-world Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems21 Dec 2021
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- 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Survey
- 2023FastRLAP: A System for Learning High-Speed Driving via Deep RL and Autonomous Practicing
- 2021DriverGym: Democratising Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving
- 2025From Imitation to Optimization: A Comparative Study of Offline Learning for Autonomous Driving
- 2022Accelerating Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving using Task-Agnostic and Ego-Centric Motion Skills
- 2019Improved Reinforcement Learning through Imitation Learning Pretraining Towards Image-based Autonomous Driving
- 2025Pseudo-Expert Regularized Offline RL for End-to-End Autonomous Driving in Photorealistic Closed-Loop Environments