mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning to Drive (L2D) as a Low-Cost Benchmark for Real-World Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2008.00715 ↗First posted 3 Aug 2020cs.ROcited by 5

On the map: Offline RL and imitation learning from data → Imitation and offline RL for driving

Abstract (arXiv)

We present Learning to Drive (L2D), a low-cost benchmark for real-world reinforcement learning (RL). L2D involves a simple and reproducible experimental setup where an RL agent has to learn to drive a Donkey car around three miniature tracks, given only monocular image observations and speed of the car. The agent has to learn to drive from disengagements, which occurs when it drives off the track. We present and open-source our training pipeline, which makes it straightforward to apply any existing RL algorithm to the task of autonomous driving with a Donkey car. We test imitation learning, state-of-the-art model-free, and model-based algorithms on the proposed L2D benchmark. Our results show that existing RL algorithms can learn to drive the car from scratch in less than five minutes of interaction. We demonstrate that RL algorithms can learn from sparse and noisy disengagement to drive even faster than imitation learning and a human operator.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation and offline RL for driving, one of 13 directions in Offline RL and imitation learning from data. First posted on arXiv 3 Aug 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 0; 2023: 2; 2024: 0; 2025: 2.

5 papers.

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  1. 2020Guided Policy Search Model-based Reinforcement Learning for Urban Autonomous Driving
  2. 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Survey
  3. 2023FastRLAP: A System for Learning High-Speed Driving via Deep RL and Autonomous Practicing
  4. 2021DriverGym: Democratising Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving
  5. 2025From Imitation to Optimization: A Comparative Study of Offline Learning for Autonomous Driving
  6. 2022Accelerating Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving using Task-Agnostic and Ego-Centric Motion Skills
  7. 2019Improved Reinforcement Learning through Imitation Learning Pretraining Towards Image-based Autonomous Driving
  8. 2025Pseudo-Expert Regularized Offline RL for End-to-End Autonomous Driving in Photorealistic Closed-Loop Environments