The Program with a Personality: Analysis of Elk Cloner, the First Personal Computer Virus

Although self-replicating programs and viruses have existed since the 1960s and 70s, Elk Cloner was the first virus to circulate among personal computers in the wild. Despite its historical significance, it received comparatively little attention when it first appeared in 1982. In this paper, we: present the first detailed examination of the operation and structure of Elk Cloner; discuss the effect of environmental characteristics on its virulence; and provide supporting evidence for several hypotheses about why its release was largely ignored in the early 1980s.