Semi-Automatic Data Annotation guided by Feature Space Projection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Data annotation using visual inspection (supervision) of each training sample can be laborious. Interactive solutions alleviate this by helping experts propagate labels from a few supervised samples to unlabeled ones based solely on the visual analysis of their feature space projection (with no further sample supervision). We present a semi-automatic data annotation approach based on suitable feature space projection and semi-supervised label estimation. We validate our method on the popular MNIST dataset and on images of human intestinal parasites with and without fecal impurities, a large and diverse dataset that makes classification very hard. We evaluate two approaches for semi-supervised learning from the latent and projection spaces, to choose the one that best reduces user annotation effort and also increases classification accuracy on unseen data. Our results demonstrate the added-value of visual analytics tools that combine complementary abilities of humans and machines for more effective machine learning.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2021A Survey of Human-in-the-loop for Machine Learningcited by 215
- 2025Text-to-SQL Domain Adaptation via Human-LLM Collaborative Data Annotationcited by 6
- 2021Iterative Pseudo-Labeling with Deep Feature Annotation and Confidence-Based Samplingcited by 4
- 2022INSPIRED2: An Improved Dataset for Sociable Conversational Recommendationcited by 4
- 2021Rethinking Interactive Image Segmentation: Feature Space Annotationcited by 2
- 2021Visual Cluster Separation Using High-Dimensional Sharpened Dimensionality Reductioncited by 2
- 2024Granular-ball Representation Learning for Deep CNN on Learning with Label Noisecited by 2
- 2024Performance of Human Annotators in Object Detection and Segmentation of Remotely Sensed Datacited by 2
- 2023Linking data separation, visual separation, and classifier performance using pseudo-labeling by contrastive learningcited by 0
- 2025Co-Training with Active Contrastive Learning and Meta-Pseudo-Labeling on 2D Projections for Deep Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0
- 2026ArtAnno: Annotating Implicit Semantics in Artworks through LLM Agent-Driven Bidirectional Human-AI Augmentationcited by 0
- 2026ArtAnno: Annotating Implicit Semantics in Artworks through LLM Agent-Driven Bidirectional Human-AI Augmentation5 Aug 2026
- 2025Co-Training with Active Contrastive Learning and Meta-Pseudo-Labeling on 2D Projections for Deep Semi-Supervised Learning25 Apr 2025
- 2025Text-to-SQL Domain Adaptation via Human-LLM Collaborative Data Annotation21 Feb 2025
- 2024Performance of Human Annotators in Object Detection and Segmentation of Remotely Sensed Data16 Sep 2024
- 2024Granular-ball Representation Learning for Deep CNN on Learning with Label Noise5 Sep 2024
- 2023Linking data separation, visual separation, and classifier performance using pseudo-labeling by contrastive learning6 Feb 2023
- 2022INSPIRED2: An Improved Dataset for Sociable Conversational Recommendation8 Aug 2022
- 2021Visual Cluster Separation Using High-Dimensional Sharpened Dimensionality Reduction1 Oct 2021
- 2021Iterative Pseudo-Labeling with Deep Feature Annotation and Confidence-Based Sampling6 Sep 2021
- 2021A Survey of Human-in-the-loop for Machine Learning2 Aug 2021
- 2021Rethinking Interactive Image Segmentation: Feature Space Annotation12 Jan 2021