Tail-adaptive Bayesian shrinkage

Robust Bayesian methods for high-dimensional regression problems under diverse sparse regimes are studied. Traditional shrinkage priors are primarily designed to detect a handful of signals from tens of thousands of predictors in the so-called ultra-sparsity domain. However, they may not perform desirably when the degree of sparsity is moderate. In this paper, we propose a robust sparse estimation method under diverse sparsity regimes, which has a tail-adaptive shrinkage property. In this property, the tail-heaviness of the prior adjusts adaptively, becoming larger or smaller as the sparsity level increases or decreases, respectively, to accommodate more or fewer signals, a posteriori. We propose a global-local-tail (GLT) Gaussian mixture distribution that ensures this property. We examine the role of the tail-index of the prior in relation to the underlying sparsity level and demonstrate that the GLT posterior contracts at the minimax optimal rate for sparse normal mean models. We apply both the GLT prior and the Horseshoe prior to a real data problem and simulation examples. Our findings indicate that the varying tail rule based on the GLT prior offers advantages over a fixed tail rule based on the Horseshoe prior in diverse sparsity regimes.