Model Distillation for Revenue Optimization: Interpretable Personalized Pricing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Data-driven pricing strategies are becoming increasingly common, where customers are offered a personalized price based on features that are predictive of their valuation of a product. It is desirable for this pricing policy to be simple and interpretable, so it can be verified, checked for fairness, and easily implemented. However, efforts to incorporate machine learning into a pricing framework often lead to complex pricing policies which are not interpretable, resulting in slow adoption in practice. We present a customized, prescriptive tree-based algorithm that distills knowledge from a complex black-box machine learning algorithm, segments customers with similar valuations and prescribes prices in such a way that maximizes revenue while maintaining interpretability. We quantify the regret of a resulting policy and demonstrate its efficacy in applications with both synthetic and real-world datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 1; 2026: 4.
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- 2023Scalable Optimal Multiway-Split Decision Trees with Constraintscited by 9
- 2021Loss Functions for Discrete Contextual Pricing with Observational Datacited by 6
- 2022When Personalization Harms: Reconsidering the Use of Group Attributes in Predictioncited by 6
- 2022Constrained Prescriptive Trees via Column Generationcited by 6
- 2023Participatory Personalization in Classificationcited by 5
- 2022Regulatory Instruments for Fair Personalized Pricingcited by 4
- 2021Interpretable Personalized Experimentationcited by 3
- 2022Implementing Reinforcement Learning Datacenter Congestion Control in NVIDIA NICscited by 2
- 2021Optimizing over an ensemble of neural networkscited by 1
- 2022Constraint Learning to Define Trust Regions in Predictive-Model Embedded Optimizationcited by 1
- 2022Convex Surrogate Loss Functions for Contextual Pricing with Transaction Datacited by 1
- 2023Learning Prescriptive ReLU Networkscited by 1
12 more
- 2024Interpretable Price Bounds Estimation with Shape Constraints in Price Optimizationcited by 1
- 2024Policy Trees for Prediction: Interpretable and Adaptive Model Selection for Machine Learningcited by 1
- 2025DeepRule: An Integrated Framework for Automated Business Rule Generation via Deep Predictive Modeling and Hybrid Search Optimizationcited by 1
- 2023Practical Policy Optimization with Personalized Experimentationcited by 0
- 2024PresAIse, A Prescriptive AI Solution for Enterprisescited by 0
- 2024Robust personalized pricing under uncertainty of purchase probabilitiescited by 0
- 2024From approximation error to optimality gap -- Explaining the performance impact of opportunity cost approximation in integrated demand management and vehicle routingcited by 0
- 2024The Value of AI Advice: Personalized and Value-Maximizing AI Advisors Are Necessary to Reliably Benefit Experts and Organizationscited by 0
- 2026PrefBench: Evaluating Zero-Shot LLM Agents in Hidden-Preference Personalized Pricing Negotiationscited by 0
- 2026Insurance Pricing Optimization via Off-Policy Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Counterfactual Optimal Action Trees (COAT): Interpretable Prescriptive Policies from Observational Datacited by 0
- 2026Learning Choice Model Trees for Feature-Based Multi-Product Pricing: Exact Optimization and Field Evidencecited by 0
- 2026Learning Choice Model Trees for Feature-Based Multi-Product Pricing: Exact Optimization and Field Evidence15 Sep 2026
- 2026Counterfactual Optimal Action Trees (COAT): Interpretable Prescriptive Policies from Observational Data15 Jul 2026
- 2026Insurance Pricing Optimization via Off-Policy Evaluation27 May 2026
- 2026PrefBench: Evaluating Zero-Shot LLM Agents in Hidden-Preference Personalized Pricing Negotiations19 May 2026
- 2025DeepRule: An Integrated Framework for Automated Business Rule Generation via Deep Predictive Modeling and Hybrid Search Optimization3 Dec 2025
- 2024The Value of AI Advice: Personalized and Value-Maximizing AI Advisors Are Necessary to Reliably Benefit Experts and Organizations27 Dec 2024
- 2024From approximation error to optimality gap -- Explaining the performance impact of opportunity cost approximation in integrated demand management and vehicle routing18 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust personalized pricing under uncertainty of purchase probabilities22 Jul 2024
- 2024Policy Trees for Prediction: Interpretable and Adaptive Model Selection for Machine Learning30 May 2024
- 2024Interpretable Price Bounds Estimation with Shape Constraints in Price Optimization23 May 2024
- 2024PresAIse, A Prescriptive AI Solution for Enterprises3 Feb 2024
- 2023Learning Prescriptive ReLU Networks1 Jun 2023
12 more
- 2023Practical Policy Optimization with Personalized Experimentation30 Mar 2023
- 2023Scalable Optimal Multiway-Split Decision Trees with Constraints14 Feb 2023
- 2023Participatory Personalization in Classification8 Feb 2023
- 2022Constrained Prescriptive Trees via Column Generation20 Jul 2022
- 2022Implementing Reinforcement Learning Datacenter Congestion Control in NVIDIA NICs5 Jul 2022
- 2022When Personalization Harms: Reconsidering the Use of Group Attributes in Prediction4 Jun 2022
- 2022Convex Surrogate Loss Functions for Contextual Pricing with Transaction Data16 Feb 2022
- 2022Regulatory Instruments for Fair Personalized Pricing9 Feb 2022
- 2022Constraint Learning to Define Trust Regions in Predictive-Model Embedded Optimization12 Jan 2022
- 2021Optimizing over an ensemble of neural networks13 Dec 2021
- 2021Loss Functions for Discrete Contextual Pricing with Observational Data18 Nov 2021
- 2021Interpretable Personalized Experimentation5 Nov 2021
- 2023Scalable Optimal Multiway-Split Decision Trees with Constraintscited by 9
- 2021Loss Functions for Discrete Contextual Pricing with Observational Datacited by 6
- 2022When Personalization Harms: Reconsidering the Use of Group Attributes in Predictioncited by 6
- 2022Constrained Prescriptive Trees via Column Generationcited by 6
- 2023Participatory Personalization in Classificationcited by 5
- 2022Regulatory Instruments for Fair Personalized Pricingcited by 4
- 2021Interpretable Personalized Experimentationcited by 3
- 2022Implementing Reinforcement Learning Datacenter Congestion Control in NVIDIA NICscited by 2
- 2021Optimizing over an ensemble of neural networkscited by 1
- 2022Constraint Learning to Define Trust Regions in Predictive-Model Embedded Optimizationcited by 1
- 2022Convex Surrogate Loss Functions for Contextual Pricing with Transaction Datacited by 1
- 2023Learning Prescriptive ReLU Networkscited by 1
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Learning Choice Model Trees for Feature-Based Multi-Product Pricing: Exact Optimization and Field Evidence15 Sep 2026
- 2026Counterfactual Optimal Action Trees (COAT): Interpretable Prescriptive Policies from Observational Data15 Jul 2026
- 2026Insurance Pricing Optimization via Off-Policy Evaluation27 May 2026
- 2025DeepRule: An Integrated Framework for Automated Business Rule Generation via Deep Predictive Modeling and Hybrid Search Optimization3 Dec 2025
- 2024The Value of AI Advice: Personalized and Value-Maximizing AI Advisors Are Necessary to Reliably Benefit Experts and Organizations27 Dec 2024
- 2024From approximation error to optimality gap -- Explaining the performance impact of opportunity cost approximation in integrated demand management and vehicle routing18 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust personalized pricing under uncertainty of purchase probabilities22 Jul 2024
- 2024Policy Trees for Prediction: Interpretable and Adaptive Model Selection for Machine Learning30 May 2024
- 2024Interpretable Price Bounds Estimation with Shape Constraints in Price Optimization23 May 2024
- 2024PresAIse, A Prescriptive AI Solution for Enterprises3 Feb 2024
- 2023Learning Prescriptive ReLU Networks1 Jun 2023
- 2023Practical Policy Optimization with Personalized Experimentation30 Mar 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)