Wasserstein Embedding for Graph Learning
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We present Wasserstein Embedding for Graph Learning (WEGL), a novel and fast framework for embedding entire graphs in a vector space, in which various machine learning models are applicable for graph-level prediction tasks. We leverage new insights on defining similarity between graphs as a function of the similarity between their node embedding distributions. Specifically, we use the Wasserstein distance to measure the dissimilarity between node embeddings of different graphs. Unlike prior work, we avoid pairwise calculation of distances between graphs and reduce the computational complexity from quadratic to linear in the number of graphs. WEGL calculates Monge maps from a reference distribution to each node embedding and, based on these maps, creates a fixed-sized vector representation of the graph. We evaluate our new graph embedding approach on various benchmark graph-property prediction tasks, showing state-of-the-art classification performance while having superior computational efficiency. The code is available at https://github.com/navid-naderi/WEGL.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2020.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 14; 2023: 11; 2024: 9; 2025: 12; 2026: 3.
56 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2021Walking Out of the Weisfeiler Leman Hierarchy: Graph Learning Beyond Message Passingcited by 47
- 2021A Survey on Optimal Transport for Machine Learning: Theory and Applicationscited by 35
- 2022Wasserstein Task Embedding for Measuring Task Similaritiescited by 25
- 2023Hierarchical Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport for Network Alignmentcited by 24
- 2022Molecular Representation Learning via Heterogeneous Motif Graph Neural Networkscited by 23
- 2022Template based Graph Neural Network with Optimal Transport Distancescited by 20
- 2021Learning Prototype-oriented Set Representations for Meta-Learningcited by 19
- 2024Expected Sliced Transport Planscited by 19
- 2025Pave Your Own Path: Graph Gradual Domain Adaptation on Fused Gromov-Wasserstein Geodesicscited by 17
- 2021Graph Classification by Mixture of Diverse Expertscited by 16
- 2022Weisfeiler and Leman Go Infinite: Spectral and Combinatorial Pre-Coloringscited by 15
- 2022Going Deeper into Permutation-Sensitive Graph Neural Networkscited by 15
38 more
- 2023Flow Factorized Representation Learningcited by 11
- 2024Graph Classification via Reference Distribution Learning: Theory and Practicecited by 11
- 2025Lightspeed Geometric Dataset Distance via Sliced Optimal Transportcited by 10
- 2021SLOSH: Set LOcality Sensitive Hashing via Sliced-Wasserstein Embeddingscited by 9
- 2022On a linear fused Gromov-Wasserstein distance for graph structured datacited by 9
- 2023Linear Optimal Partial Transport Embeddingcited by 8
- 2024FSW-GNN: A Bi-Lipschitz WL-Equivalent Graph Neural Networkcited by 8
- 2023Finding Heterophilic Neighbors via Confidence-based Subgraph Matching for Semi-supervised Node Classificationcited by 7
- 2024Gaussian process regression with Sliced Wasserstein Weisfeiler-Lehman graph kernelscited by 7
- 2022Multiscale Graph Comparison via the Embedded Laplacian Discrepancycited by 5
- 2025Fast Estimation of Wasserstein Distances via Regression on Sliced Wasserstein Distancescited by 5
- 2021Set Representation Learning with Generalized Sliced-Wasserstein Embeddingscited by 4
- 2022Supervised Contrastive Learning with Structure Inference for Graph Classificationcited by 3
- 2023Non-isotropic Persistent Homology: Leveraging the Metric Dependency of PHcited by 3
- 2024SeTformer is What You Need for Vision and Languagecited by 3
- 2022Embedding Graphs on Grassmann Manifoldcited by 2
- 2022Regularized Optimal Transport Layers for Generalized Global Pooling Operationscited by 2
- 2023Equivariant vs. Invariant Layers: A Comparison of Backbone and Pooling for Point Cloud Classificationcited by 2
- 2025Constrained Sliced Wasserstein Embeddingcited by 2
- 2026Amortized Optimal Transport from Sliced Potentialscited by 2
- 2022Hybrid Gromov-Wasserstein Embedding for Capsule Learningcited by 1
- 2023Fisher Information Embedding for Node and Graph Learningcited by 1
- 2023Generalized Sum Pooling for Metric Learningcited by 1
- 2024Spectral Clustering for Discrete Distributionscited by 1
- 2024Linear Partial Gromov-Wasserstein Embeddingcited by 1
- 2025Network Embedding Exploration Tool (NEExT)cited by 1
- 2025Policy Search, Retrieval, and Composition via Task Similarity in Collaborative Agentic Systemscited by 1
- 2026Revealing Combinatorial Reasoning of GNNs via Graph Concept Bottleneck Layercited by 1
- 2021FlowPool: Pooling Graph Representations with Wasserstein Gradient Flowscited by 0
- 2022Revisiting Global Pooling through the Lens of Optimal Transportcited by 0
- 2022Unified GCNs: Towards Connecting GCNs with CNNscited by 0
- 2022Estimation of the Sample Frechet Mean: A Convolutional Neural Network Approachcited by 0
- 2023On Inductive Biases for Machine Learning in Data Constrained Settingscited by 0
- 2023Technical report: Graph Neural Networks go Grammaticalcited by 0
- 2023Anchor Space Optimal Transport as a Fast Solution to Multiple Optimal Transport Problemscited by 0
- 2024Ironing the Graphs: Toward a Correct Geometric Analysis of Large-Scale Graphscited by 0
- 2024Molecular Graph Representation Learning via Structural Similarity Informationcited by 0
- 2025Wasserstein-based Kernel Principal Component Analysis for Clustering Applicationscited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Preserving Geometric Integrity in Graph Prompting via Measure-Constrained Optimal Transport20 Sep 2026
- 2026Amortized Optimal Transport from Sliced Potentials16 Apr 2026
- 2026Revealing Combinatorial Reasoning of GNNs via Graph Concept Bottleneck Layer2 Mar 2026
- 2025Generalized infinite dimensional Alpha-Procrustes based geometries12 Nov 2025
- 2025Fast Estimation of Wasserstein Distances via Regression on Sliced Wasserstein Distances24 Sep 2025
- 2025EMPEROR: Efficient Moment-Preserving Representation of Distributions19 Sep 2025
- 2025Wasserstein Hypergraph Neural Network11 Jun 2025
- 2025Policy Search, Retrieval, and Composition via Task Similarity in Collaborative Agentic Systems5 Jun 2025
- 2025Constrained Sliced Wasserstein Embedding2 Jun 2025
- 2025Pave Your Own Path: Graph Gradual Domain Adaptation on Fused Gromov-Wasserstein Geodesics19 May 2025
- 2025Personalized Federated Learning under Model Dissimilarity Constraints12 May 2025
- 2025Embedding Empirical Distributions for Computing Optimal Transport Maps24 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025Network Embedding Exploration Tool (NEExT)20 Mar 2025
- 2025Wasserstein-based Kernel Principal Component Analysis for Clustering Applications18 Mar 2025
- 2025Lightspeed Geometric Dataset Distance via Sliced Optimal Transport31 Jan 2025
- 2024Linear Partial Gromov-Wasserstein Embedding22 Oct 2024
- 2024Expected Sliced Transport Plans16 Oct 2024
- 2024FSW-GNN: A Bi-Lipschitz WL-Equivalent Graph Neural Network10 Oct 2024
- 2024Molecular Graph Representation Learning via Structural Similarity Information13 Sep 2024
- 2024Graph Classification via Reference Distribution Learning: Theory and Practice21 Aug 2024
- 2024Ironing the Graphs: Toward a Correct Geometric Analysis of Large-Scale Graphs31 Jul 2024
- 2024Gaussian process regression with Sliced Wasserstein Weisfeiler-Lehman graph kernels6 Feb 2024
- 2024Spectral Clustering for Discrete Distributions25 Jan 2024
- 2024SeTformer is What You Need for Vision and Language7 Jan 2024
- 2023Non-isotropic Persistent Homology: Leveraging the Metric Dependency of PH25 Oct 2023
- 2023Anchor Space Optimal Transport as a Fast Solution to Multiple Optimal Transport Problems24 Oct 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport for Network Alignment6 Oct 2023
- 2023Flow Factorized Representation Learning22 Sep 2023
- 2023Generalized Sum Pooling for Metric Learning18 Aug 2023
- 2023Equivariant vs. Invariant Layers: A Comparison of Backbone and Pooling for Point Cloud Classification8 Jun 2023
- 2023Fisher Information Embedding for Node and Graph Learning12 May 2023
- 2023Technical report: Graph Neural Networks go Grammatical2 Mar 2023
- 2023On Inductive Biases for Machine Learning in Data Constrained Settings21 Feb 2023
- 2023Finding Heterophilic Neighbors via Confidence-based Subgraph Matching for Semi-supervised Node Classification20 Feb 2023
- 2023Linear Optimal Partial Transport Embedding7 Feb 2023
- 2022Regularized Optimal Transport Layers for Generalized Global Pooling Operations13 Dec 2022
- 2022Estimation of the Sample Frechet Mean: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach13 Oct 2022
- 2022Hybrid Gromov-Wasserstein Embedding for Capsule Learning1 Sep 2022
- 2022Wasserstein Task Embedding for Measuring Task Similarities24 Aug 2022
- 2022Template based Graph Neural Network with Optimal Transport Distances31 May 2022
- 2022Embedding Graphs on Grassmann Manifold30 May 2022
- 2022Going Deeper into Permutation-Sensitive Graph Neural Networks28 May 2022
- 2022Unified GCNs: Towards Connecting GCNs with CNNs26 Apr 2022
- 2022Supervised Contrastive Learning with Structure Inference for Graph Classification15 Mar 2022
- 2022On a linear fused Gromov-Wasserstein distance for graph structured data9 Mar 2022
- 2022Molecular Representation Learning via Heterogeneous Motif Graph Neural Networks1 Feb 2022
- 2022Weisfeiler and Leman Go Infinite: Spectral and Combinatorial Pre-Colorings31 Jan 2022
- 2022Multiscale Graph Comparison via the Embedded Laplacian Discrepancy28 Jan 2022
- 2022Revisiting Global Pooling through the Lens of Optimal Transport23 Jan 2022
- 2021FlowPool: Pooling Graph Representations with Wasserstein Gradient Flows18 Dec 2021
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2021Walking Out of the Weisfeiler Leman Hierarchy: Graph Learning Beyond Message Passingcited by 47
- 2021A Survey on Optimal Transport for Machine Learning: Theory and Applicationscited by 35
- 2022Wasserstein Task Embedding for Measuring Task Similaritiescited by 25
- 2023Hierarchical Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport for Network Alignmentcited by 24
- 2022Molecular Representation Learning via Heterogeneous Motif Graph Neural Networkscited by 23
- 2022Template based Graph Neural Network with Optimal Transport Distancescited by 20
- 2021Learning Prototype-oriented Set Representations for Meta-Learningcited by 19
- 2024Expected Sliced Transport Planscited by 19
- 2025Pave Your Own Path: Graph Gradual Domain Adaptation on Fused Gromov-Wasserstein Geodesicscited by 17
- 2021Graph Classification by Mixture of Diverse Expertscited by 16
- 2022Weisfeiler and Leman Go Infinite: Spectral and Combinatorial Pre-Coloringscited by 15
- 2022Going Deeper into Permutation-Sensitive Graph Neural Networkscited by 15
12 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2026Preserving Geometric Integrity in Graph Prompting via Measure-Constrained Optimal Transport20 Sep 2026
- 2026Amortized Optimal Transport from Sliced Potentials16 Apr 2026
- 2025Generalized infinite dimensional Alpha-Procrustes based geometries12 Nov 2025
- 2025Fast Estimation of Wasserstein Distances via Regression on Sliced Wasserstein Distances24 Sep 2025
- 2025EMPEROR: Efficient Moment-Preserving Representation of Distributions19 Sep 2025
- 2025Wasserstein Hypergraph Neural Network11 Jun 2025
- 2025Constrained Sliced Wasserstein Embedding2 Jun 2025
- 2025Pave Your Own Path: Graph Gradual Domain Adaptation on Fused Gromov-Wasserstein Geodesics19 May 2025
- 2025Personalized Federated Learning under Model Dissimilarity Constraints12 May 2025
- 2025Embedding Empirical Distributions for Computing Optimal Transport Maps24 Apr 2025
- 2025Network Embedding Exploration Tool (NEExT)20 Mar 2025
- 2025Wasserstein-based Kernel Principal Component Analysis for Clustering Applications18 Mar 2025
12 newest of 54 All 54 (JSON)