A Dataset of Fact-Checked Images Shared on WhatsApp During the Brazilian and Indian Elections
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, have been reportedly abused by misinformation campaigns, especially in Brazil and India. A notable form of abuse in WhatsApp relies on several manipulated images and memes containing all kinds of fake stories. In this work, we performed an extensive data collection from a large set of WhatsApp publicly accessible groups and fact-checking agency websites. This paper opens a novel dataset to the research community containing fact-checked fake images shared through WhatsApp for two distinct scenarios known for the spread of fake news on the platform: the 2018 Brazilian elections and the 2019 Indian elections.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 May 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 0; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
9 papers.
- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
- 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Surveycited by 11
- 2023Predicting Sentence-Level Factuality of News and Bias of Media Outletscited by 6
- 2025E-CaTCH: Event-Centric Cross-Modal Attention with Temporal Consistency and Class-Imbalance Handling for Misinformation Detectioncited by 1
- 2021Factorization of Fact-Checks for Low Resource Indian Languagescited by 0
- 2021A Review of Web Infodemic Analysis and Detection Trends across Multi-modalities using Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2026Misinformation Span Detection in Videos via Audio Transcriptscited by 0
- 2026WhatsApp Vaccine Discourse (WhaVax): An Expert-Annotated Dataset and Benchmark for Health Misinformation Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Misinformation Span Detection in Videos via Audio Transcripts23 Apr 2026
- 2026WhatsApp Vaccine Discourse (WhaVax): An Expert-Annotated Dataset and Benchmark for Health Misinformation Detection25 Mar 2026
- 2025E-CaTCH: Event-Centric Cross-Modal Attention with Temporal Consistency and Class-Imbalance Handling for Misinformation Detection15 Aug 2025
- 2023Predicting Sentence-Level Factuality of News and Bias of Media Outlets27 Jan 2023
- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Models25 May 2022
- 2021A Review of Web Infodemic Analysis and Detection Trends across Multi-modalities using Deep Neural Networks23 Nov 2021
- 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Survey5 Nov 2021
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets24 Sep 2021
- 2021Factorization of Fact-Checks for Low Resource Indian Languages23 Feb 2021