mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Evolution of Semantic Similarity -- A Survey

arXiv 2004.13820 ↗First posted 19 Apr 2020cs.CL cs.IRcited by 83

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Abstract (arXiv)

Estimating the semantic similarity between text data is one of the challenging and open research problems in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The versatility of natural language makes it difficult to define rule-based methods for determining semantic similarity measures. In order to address this issue, various semantic similarity methods have been proposed over the years. This survey article traces the evolution of such methods, categorizing them based on their underlying principles as knowledge-based, corpus-based, deep neural network-based methods, and hybrid methods. Discussing the strengths and weaknesses of each method, this survey provides a comprehensive view of existing systems in place, for new researchers to experiment and develop innovative ideas to address the issue of semantic similarity.

Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 8; 2023: 22; 2024: 19; 2025: 19; 2026: 9.

83 papers.

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  1. 2024The Geometry of Concepts: Sparse Autoencoder Feature Structurecited by 52
  2. 2021D2A: A Dataset Built for AI-Based Vulnerability Detection Methods Using Differential Analysiscited by 49
  3. 2022A Simple Approach to Improve Single-Model Deep Uncertainty via Distance-Awarenesscited by 49
  4. 2021Reinforcement Learning-powered Semantic Communication via Semantic Similaritycited by 15
  5. 2021What Makes Sentences Semantically Related: A Textual Relatedness Dataset and Empirical Studycited by 15
  6. 2022AEON: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of NLP Test Casescited by 15
  7. 2021conSultantBERT: Fine-tuned Siamese Sentence-BERT for Matching Jobs and Job Seekerscited by 13
  8. 2022GraphQ IR: Unifying the Semantic Parsing of Graph Query Languages with One Intermediate Representationcited by 13
  9. 2024PertEval: Unveiling Real Knowledge Capacity of LLMs with Knowledge-Invariant Perturbationscited by 13
  10. 2024Explaining Text Similarity in Transformer Modelscited by 9
  11. 2024MoRSE: Bridging the Gap in Cybersecurity Expertise with Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 8
  12. 2025SAC-Opt: Semantic Anchors for Iterative Correction in Optimization Modelingcited by 8
38 more
  1. 2025Retrieval- and Argumentation-Enhanced Multi-Agent LLMs for Judgmental Forecasting (Extended Version with Supplementary Material)cited by 8
  2. 2025SemCoT: Accelerating Chain-of-Thought Reasoning through Semantically-Aligned Implicit Tokenscited by 8
  3. 2023Understanding Practices around Computational News Discovery Tools in the Domain of Science Journalismcited by 7
  4. 2024Hybrid RAG-empowered Multi-modal LLM for Secure Data Management in Internet of Medical Things: A Diffusion-based Contract Approachcited by 7
  5. 2024Aligning (Medical) LLMs for (Counterfactual) Fairnesscited by 7
  6. 2025Consistency of Responses and Continuations Generated by Large Language Models on Social Mediacited by 7
  7. 2022Near-Term Advances in Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 6
  8. 2024Systematic Literature Review: Computational Approaches for Humour Style Classificationcited by 6
  9. 2024Incubating Text Classifiers Following User Instruction with Nothing but LLMcited by 6
  10. 2022A Dynamic, Interpreted CheckList for Meaning-oriented NLG Metric Evaluation -- through the Lens of Semantic Similarity Ratingcited by 5
  11. 2023QUADRo: Dataset and Models for QUestion-Answer Database Retrievalcited by 5
  12. 2023Rewriting the Script: Adapting Text Instructions for Voice Interactioncited by 5
  13. 2023Conversational Process Modeling: Can Generative AI Empower Domain Experts in Creating and Redesigning Process Models?cited by 4
  14. 2024Reviewing Intelligent Cinematography: AI research for camera-based video productioncited by 4
  15. 2025Learning Along the Arrow of Time: Hyperbolic Geometry for Backward-Compatible Representation Learningcited by 4
  16. 2025DCP-Bench-Open: Evaluating LLMs for Constraint Modelling of Discrete Combinatorial Problemscited by 4
  17. 2022A Survey on Automated Sarcasm Detection on Twittercited by 3
  18. 2023Trusta: Reasoning about Assurance Cases with Formal Methods and Large Language Modelscited by 3
  19. 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Surveycited by 3
  20. 2026TIDE: Tuning-Integrated Dynamic Evolution for LLM-Based Automated Heuristic Designcited by 3
  21. 2023Reviewing Evolution of Learning Functions and Semantic Information Measures for Understanding Deep Learningcited by 2
  22. 2024A Collection of Pragmatic-Similarity Judgments over Spoken Dialog Utterancescited by 2
  23. 2024Sharif-STR at SemEval-2024 Task 1: Transformer as a Regression Model for Fine-Grained Scoring of Textual Semantic Relationscited by 2
  24. 2024Coarse-Grained Sense Inventories Based on Semantic Matching between English Dictionariescited by 2
  25. 2024Transfer Learning with Clinical Concept Embeddings from Large Language Modelscited by 2
  26. 2025KROMA: Ontology Matching with Knowledge Retrieval and Large Language Modelscited by 2
  27. 2021Learning to Match Job Candidates Using Multilingual Bi-Encoder BERTcited by 1
  28. 2022GateNLP-UShef at SemEval-2022 Task 8: Entity-Enriched Siamese Transformer for Multilingual News Article Similaritycited by 1
  29. 2022A Cognitive Study on Semantic Similarity Analysis of Large Corpora: A Transformer-based Approachcited by 1
  30. 2023Characterizing Nexus of Similarity within Knowledge Bases: A Logic-based Framework and its Computational Complexity Aspectscited by 1
  31. 2023Context-Aware Semantic Similarity Measurement for Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguationcited by 1
  32. 2023Semantic Similarity Measure of Natural Language Text through Machine Learning and a Keyword-Aware Cross-Encoder-Ranking Summarizer -- A Case Study Using UCGIS GIS&T Body of Knowledgecited by 1
  33. 2023Boosting the Performance of Transformer Architectures for Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 1
  34. 2023Mapping Researcher Activity based on Publication Data by means of Transformerscited by 1
  35. 2023Linking Symptom Inventories using Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 1
  36. 2023The More Similar, the Better? Associations between Latent Semantic Similarity and Emotional Experiences Differ across Conversation Contextscited by 1
  37. 2023Relevance feedback strategies for recall-oriented neural information retrievalcited by 1
  38. 2024Anatomy of Neural Language Modelscited by 1

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