mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Weakly supervised multiple instance learning histopathological tumor segmentation

arXiv 2004.05024 ↗First posted 10 Apr 2020eess.IV cs.CV cs.LGcited by 46

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Abstract (arXiv)

Histopathological image segmentation is a challenging and important topic in medical imaging with tremendous potential impact in clinical practice. State of the art methods rely on hand-crafted annotations which hinder clinical translation since histology suffers from significant variations between cancer phenotypes. In this paper, we propose a weakly supervised framework for whole slide imaging segmentation that relies on standard clinical annotations, available in most medical systems. In particular, we exploit a multiple instance learning scheme for training models. The proposed framework has been evaluated on multi-locations and multi-centric public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the PatchCamelyon dataset. Promising results when compared with experts' annotations demonstrate the potentials of the presented approach. The complete framework, including 6481 generated tumor maps and data processing, is available at https://github.com/marvinler/tcgasegmentation.

Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Apr 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 18; 2023: 10; 2024: 8; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.

46 papers.

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  1. 2021TransMIL: Transformer based Correlated Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 549
  2. 2022DTFD-MIL: Double-Tier Feature Distillation Multiple Instance Learning for Histopathology Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 254
  3. 2024Dynamic Graph Representation with Knowledge-aware Attention for Histopathology Whole Slide Image Analysiscited by 66
  4. 2022Multiple Instance Learning for Digital Pathology: A Review on the State-of-the-Art, Limitations & Future Potentialcited by 54
  5. 2021Multi-Layer Pseudo-Supervision for Histopathology Tissue Semantic Segmentation using Patch-level Classification Labelscited by 43
  6. 2022WSSS4LUAD: Grand Challenge on Weakly-supervised Tissue Semantic Segmentation for Lung Adenocarcinomacited by 32
  7. 2021Accounting for Dependencies in Deep Learning Based Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Imagingcited by 31
  8. 2022Towards Label-efficient Automatic Diagnosis and Analysis: A Comprehensive Survey of Advanced Deep Learning-based Weakly-supervised, Semi-supervised and Self-supervised Techniques in Histopathological Image Analysiscited by 29
  9. 2024Generalizable Whole Slide Image Classification with Fine-Grained Visual-Semantic Interactioncited by 27
  10. 2022Multiple Instance Learning via Iterative Self-Paced Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 22
  11. 2022Gigapixel Whole-Slide Images Classification using Locally Supervised Learningcited by 15
  12. 2023HVTSurv: Hierarchical Vision Transformer for Patient-Level Survival Prediction from Whole Slide Imagecited by 14
34 more
  1. 2022Iterative Patch Selection for High-Resolution Image Recognitioncited by 13
  2. 2021Vessel-CAPTCHA: an efficient learning framework for vessel annotation and segmentationcited by 12
  3. 2021Resolution-Based Distillation for Efficient Histology Image Classificationcited by 10
  4. 2021SparseConvMIL: Sparse Convolutional Context-Aware Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 10
  5. 2022MixUp-MIL: Novel Data Augmentation for Multiple Instance Learning and a Study on Thyroid Cancer Diagnosiscited by 9
  6. 2023Improving Representation Learning for Histopathologic Images with Cluster Constraintscited by 8
  7. 2024Advances in Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Analysis: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 7
  8. 2022Histopathological Image Classification based on Self-Supervised Vision Transformer and Weak Labelscited by 6
  9. 2023Multi-level Multiple Instance Learning with Transformer for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 6
  10. 2023SC-MIL: Sparsely Coded Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 6
  11. 2024M4: Multi-Proxy Multi-Gate Mixture of Experts Network for Multiple Instance Learning in Histopathology Image Analysiscited by 6
  12. 2022Stain Based Contrastive Co-training for Histopathological Image Analysiscited by 5
  13. 2021Highdicom: A Python library for standardized encoding of image annotations and machine learning model outputs in pathology and radiologycited by 4
  14. 2024Prompt-Guided Foundation Model Tuning for Pathology Image Classificationcited by 4
  15. 2024Mamba2MIL: State Space Duality Based Multiple Instance Learning for Computational Pathologycited by 4
  16. 2022A review of machine learning approaches, challenges and prospects for computational tumor pathologycited by 3
  17. 2022Lesion-Aware Contrastive Representation Learning for Histopathology Whole Slide Images Analysiscited by 3
  18. 2023Unsupervised Mutual Transformer Learning for Multi-Gigapixel Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 3
  19. 2021Weakly supervised pan-cancer segmentation toolcited by 2
  20. 2022HistoPerm: A Permutation-Based View Generation Approach for Improving Histopathologic Feature Representation Learningcited by 2
  21. 2022Interpretable HER2 scoring by evaluating clinical Guidelines through a weakly supervised, constrained Deep Learning Approachcited by 2
  22. 2023Mixed Models with Multiple Instance Learningcited by 2
  23. 2022Deep Superpixel Generation and Clustering for Weakly Supervised Segmentation of Brain Tumors in MR Imagescited by 1
  24. 2023Ins-ATP: Deep Estimation of ATP for Organoid Based on High Throughput Microscopic Imagescited by 1
  25. 2023Exploring Visual Prompts for Whole Slide Image Classification with Multiple Instance Learningcited by 1
  26. 2023LaFiCMIL: Rethinking Large File Classification from the Perspective of Correlated Multiple Instance Learningcited by 1
  27. 2023MixUp-MIL: A Study on Linear & Multilinear Interpolation-Based Data Augmentation for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 1
  28. 2022Multiplex-detection Based Multiple Instance Learning Network for Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 0
  29. 2022Region of Interest Detection in Melanocytic Skin Tumor Whole Slide Imagescited by 0
  30. 2022Generative Adversarial Networks for Weakly Supervised Generation and Evaluation of Brain Tumor Segmentations on MR Imagescited by 0
  31. 2024Region of Interest Detection in Melanocytic Skin Tumor Whole Slide Images -- Nevus & Melanomacited by 0
  32. 2024Distilling High Diagnostic Value Patches for Whole Slide Image Classification Using Attention Mechanismcited by 0
  33. 2026SSMamba: A Self-Supervised Hybrid State Space Model for Pathological Image Classificationcited by 0
  34. 2026SomaNet: Weakly Supervised Learning for Instance Soma Segmentation in 3D Electron Microscopy with Partial Annotationscited by 0