g2pM: A Neural Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion Package for Mandarin Chinese Based on a New Open Benchmark Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
Conversion of Chinese graphemes to phonemes (G2P) is an essential component in Mandarin Chinese Text-To-Speech (TTS) systems. One of the biggest challenges in Chinese G2P conversion is how to disambiguate the pronunciation of polyphones - characters having multiple pronunciations. Although many academic efforts have been made to address it, there has been no open dataset that can serve as a standard benchmark for fair comparison to date. In addition, most of the reported systems are hard to employ for researchers or practitioners who want to convert Chinese text into pinyin at their convenience. Motivated by these, in this work, we introduce a new benchmark dataset that consists of 99,000+ sentences for Chinese polyphone disambiguation. We train a simple neural network model on it, and find that it outperforms other preexisting G2P systems. Finally, we package our project and share it on PyPi.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 3.
15 papers.
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- 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 184
- 2021NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentationcited by 73
- 2022ByT5 model for massively multilingual grapheme-to-phoneme conversioncited by 49
- 2022g2pW: A Conditional Weighted Softmax BERT for Polyphone Disambiguation in Mandarincited by 7
- 2022Back-Translation-Style Data Augmentation for Mandarin Chinese Polyphone Disambiguationcited by 6
- 2021Polyphone Disambiguation in Mandarin Chinese with Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 4
- 2024MM-KWS: Multi-modal Prompts for Multilingual User-defined Keyword Spottingcited by 4
- 2023External Knowledge Augmented Polyphone Disambiguation Using Large Language Modelcited by 1
- 2022The MSXF TTS System for ICASSP 2022 ADD Challengecited by 0
- 2022Dict-TTS: Learning to Pronounce with Prior Dictionary Knowledge for Text-to-Speechcited by 0
- 2022Helpful Neighbors: Leveraging Neighbors in Geographic Feature Pronunciationcited by 0
- 2025GSA-TTS : Toward Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis based on Gradual Style Adaptorcited by 0
- 2026CN-NewsTTS Bench: a target-level automatic benchmark for raw-input Chinese news TTS pronunciation23 Jun 2026
- 2026Phun-Bench: Evaluating LLMs on Phonological Understanding in Chinese5 Jun 2026
- 2026Tibetan-TTS:Low-Resource Tibetan Speech Synthesis with Large Model Adaptation4 May 2026
- 2025GSA-TTS : Toward Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis based on Gradual Style Adaptor26 May 2025
- 2024MM-KWS: Multi-modal Prompts for Multilingual User-defined Keyword Spotting11 Jun 2024
- 2023External Knowledge Augmented Polyphone Disambiguation Using Large Language Model19 Dec 2023
- 2022Back-Translation-Style Data Augmentation for Mandarin Chinese Polyphone Disambiguation17 Nov 2022
- 2022Helpful Neighbors: Leveraging Neighbors in Geographic Feature Pronunciation18 Oct 2022
- 2022Dict-TTS: Learning to Pronounce with Prior Dictionary Knowledge for Text-to-Speech5 Jun 2022
- 2022ByT5 model for massively multilingual grapheme-to-phoneme conversion6 Apr 2022
- 2022g2pW: A Conditional Weighted Softmax BERT for Polyphone Disambiguation in Mandarin20 Mar 2022
- 2022The MSXF TTS System for ICASSP 2022 ADD Challenge27 Jan 2022
3 more
- 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 184
- 2021NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentationcited by 73
- 2022ByT5 model for massively multilingual grapheme-to-phoneme conversioncited by 49
- 2022g2pW: A Conditional Weighted Softmax BERT for Polyphone Disambiguation in Mandarincited by 7
- 2022Back-Translation-Style Data Augmentation for Mandarin Chinese Polyphone Disambiguationcited by 6
- 2021Polyphone Disambiguation in Mandarin Chinese with Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 4
- 2024MM-KWS: Multi-modal Prompts for Multilingual User-defined Keyword Spottingcited by 4
- 2023External Knowledge Augmented Polyphone Disambiguation Using Large Language Modelcited by 1
- 2022The MSXF TTS System for ICASSP 2022 ADD Challengecited by 0
- 2022Dict-TTS: Learning to Pronounce with Prior Dictionary Knowledge for Text-to-Speechcited by 0
- 2022Helpful Neighbors: Leveraging Neighbors in Geographic Feature Pronunciationcited by 0
- 2025GSA-TTS : Toward Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis based on Gradual Style Adaptorcited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026CN-NewsTTS Bench: a target-level automatic benchmark for raw-input Chinese news TTS pronunciation23 Jun 2026
- 2026Phun-Bench: Evaluating LLMs on Phonological Understanding in Chinese5 Jun 2026
- 2026Tibetan-TTS:Low-Resource Tibetan Speech Synthesis with Large Model Adaptation4 May 2026
- 2025GSA-TTS : Toward Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis based on Gradual Style Adaptor26 May 2025
- 2024MM-KWS: Multi-modal Prompts for Multilingual User-defined Keyword Spotting11 Jun 2024
- 2023External Knowledge Augmented Polyphone Disambiguation Using Large Language Model19 Dec 2023
- 2022Back-Translation-Style Data Augmentation for Mandarin Chinese Polyphone Disambiguation17 Nov 2022
- 2022Helpful Neighbors: Leveraging Neighbors in Geographic Feature Pronunciation18 Oct 2022
- 2022Dict-TTS: Learning to Pronounce with Prior Dictionary Knowledge for Text-to-Speech5 Jun 2022
- 2022ByT5 model for massively multilingual grapheme-to-phoneme conversion6 Apr 2022
- 2022g2pW: A Conditional Weighted Softmax BERT for Polyphone Disambiguation in Mandarin20 Mar 2022
- 2022The MSXF TTS System for ICASSP 2022 ADD Challenge27 Jan 2022
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)