Reducing Magnetic Resonance Image Spacing by Learning Without Ground-Truth

High-quality magnetic resonance (MR) image, i.e., with near isotropic voxel spacing, is desirable in various scenarios of medical image analysis. However, many MR acquisitions use large inter-slice spacing in clinical practice. In this work, we propose a novel deep-learning-based super-resolution algorithm to generate high-resolution (HR) MR images with small slice spacing from low-resolution (LR) inputs of large slice spacing. Notice that most existing deep-learning-based methods need paired LR and HR images to supervise the training, but in clinical scenarios, usually no HR images will be acquired. Therefore, our unique goal herein is to design and train the super-resolution network with no real HR ground-truth. Specifically, two training stages are used in our method. First, HR images of reduced slice spacing are synthesized from real LR images using variational auto-encoder (VAE). Although these synthesized HR images are as realistic as possible, they may still suffer from unexpected morphing induced by VAE, implying that the synthesized HR images cannot be paired with the real LR images in terms of anatomical structure details. In the second stage, we degrade the synthesized HR images to generate corresponding LR images and train a super-resolution network based on these synthesized HR and degraded LR pairs. The underlying mechanism is that such a super-resolution network is less vulnerable to anatomical variability. Experiments on knee MR images successfully demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solution to reduce the slice spacing for better rendering.