Autonomous Unknown-Application Filtering and Labeling for DL-based Traffic Classifier Update
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Abstract (arXiv)
Network traffic classification has been widely studied to fundamentally advance network measurement and management. Machine Learning is one of the effective approaches for network traffic classification. Specifically, Deep Learning (DL) has attracted much attention from the researchers due to its effectiveness even in encrypted network traffic without compromising neither user privacy nor network security. However, most of the existing models are created from closed-world datasets, thus they can only classify those existing classes previously sampled and labeled. In this case, unknown classes cannot be correctly classified. To tackle this issue, an autonomous learning framework is proposed to effectively update DL-based traffic classification models during active operations. The core of the proposed framework consists of a DL-based classifier, a self-learned discriminator, and an autonomous self-labeling model. The discriminator and self-labeling process can generate new dataset during active operations to support classifier update. Evaluation of the proposed framework is performed on an open dataset, i.e., ISCX VPN-nonVPN, and independently collected data packets. The results demonstrate that the proposed autonomous learning framework can filter packets from unknown classes and provide accurate labels. Thus, corresponding DL-based classification models can be updated successfully with the autonomously generated dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
16 papers.
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- 2023NetGPT: Generative Pretrained Transformer for Network Trafficcited by 31
- 2021Deep Learning and Traffic Classification: Lessons learned from a commercial-grade dataset with hundreds of encrypted and zero-day applicationscited by 14
- 2023On the Local Cache Update Rules in Streaming Federated Learningcited by 8
- 2021A First Look at Class Incremental Learning in Deep Learning Mobile Traffic Classificationcited by 4
- 2023Distributed Traffic Synthesis and Classification in Edge Networks: A Federated Self-supervised Learning Approachcited by 3
- 2025FlowletFormer: Network Behavioral Semantic Aware Pre-training Model for Traffic Classificationcited by 3
- 2022Quality Monitoring and Assessment of Deployed Deep Learning Models for Network AIOpscited by 2
- 2022Landing AI on Networks: An equipment vendor viewpoint on Autonomous Driving Networkscited by 2
- 2024NetFlowGen: Leveraging Generative Pre-training for Network Traffic Dynamicscited by 2
- 2025Revolutionizing Encrypted Traffic Classification with MH-Net: A Multi-View Heterogeneous Graph Modelcited by 2
- 2021Federated Traffic Synthesizing and Classification Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1
- 2021Thinkback: Task-SpecificOut-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 1
4 more
- 2024One Train for Two Tasks: An Encrypted Traffic Classification Framework Using Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 1
- 2024Efficiently and Effectively: A Two-stage Approach to Balance Plaintext and Encrypted Text for Traffic Classificationcited by 1
- 2026Mean Masked Autoencoder with Flow-Mixing for Encrypted Traffic Classificationcited by 1
- 2026Maintaining IoT Device Identification under Concept Drift via Budget-Aware Traffic Labelingcited by 0
- 2026Maintaining IoT Device Identification under Concept Drift via Budget-Aware Traffic Labeling16 Aug 2026
- 2026Mean Masked Autoencoder with Flow-Mixing for Encrypted Traffic Classification31 Mar 2026
- 2025FlowletFormer: Network Behavioral Semantic Aware Pre-training Model for Traffic Classification27 Aug 2025
- 2025Revolutionizing Encrypted Traffic Classification with MH-Net: A Multi-View Heterogeneous Graph Model5 Jan 2025
- 2024NetFlowGen: Leveraging Generative Pre-training for Network Traffic Dynamics30 Dec 2024
- 2024Efficiently and Effectively: A Two-stage Approach to Balance Plaintext and Encrypted Text for Traffic Classification29 Jul 2024
- 2024One Train for Two Tasks: An Encrypted Traffic Classification Framework Using Supervised Contrastive Learning12 Feb 2024
- 2023NetGPT: Generative Pretrained Transformer for Network Traffic19 Apr 2023
- 2023On the Local Cache Update Rules in Streaming Federated Learning28 Mar 2023
- 2023Distributed Traffic Synthesis and Classification in Edge Networks: A Federated Self-supervised Learning Approach1 Feb 2023
- 2022Landing AI on Networks: An equipment vendor viewpoint on Autonomous Driving Networks26 Apr 2022
- 2022Quality Monitoring and Assessment of Deployed Deep Learning Models for Network AIOps28 Feb 2022
4 more
- 2021Thinkback: Task-SpecificOut-of-Distribution Detection13 Jul 2021
- 2021A First Look at Class Incremental Learning in Deep Learning Mobile Traffic Classification9 Jul 2021
- 2021Federated Traffic Synthesizing and Classification Using Generative Adversarial Networks21 Apr 2021
- 2021Deep Learning and Traffic Classification: Lessons learned from a commercial-grade dataset with hundreds of encrypted and zero-day applications7 Apr 2021
- 2023NetGPT: Generative Pretrained Transformer for Network Trafficcited by 31
- 2021Deep Learning and Traffic Classification: Lessons learned from a commercial-grade dataset with hundreds of encrypted and zero-day applicationscited by 14
- 2023On the Local Cache Update Rules in Streaming Federated Learningcited by 8
- 2021A First Look at Class Incremental Learning in Deep Learning Mobile Traffic Classificationcited by 4
- 2023Distributed Traffic Synthesis and Classification in Edge Networks: A Federated Self-supervised Learning Approachcited by 3
- 2025FlowletFormer: Network Behavioral Semantic Aware Pre-training Model for Traffic Classificationcited by 3
- 2022Quality Monitoring and Assessment of Deployed Deep Learning Models for Network AIOpscited by 2
- 2022Landing AI on Networks: An equipment vendor viewpoint on Autonomous Driving Networkscited by 2
- 2024NetFlowGen: Leveraging Generative Pre-training for Network Traffic Dynamicscited by 2
- 2025Revolutionizing Encrypted Traffic Classification with MH-Net: A Multi-View Heterogeneous Graph Modelcited by 2
- 2021Federated Traffic Synthesizing and Classification Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1
- 2021Thinkback: Task-SpecificOut-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 1
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026Maintaining IoT Device Identification under Concept Drift via Budget-Aware Traffic Labeling16 Aug 2026
- 2026Mean Masked Autoencoder with Flow-Mixing for Encrypted Traffic Classification31 Mar 2026
- 2025FlowletFormer: Network Behavioral Semantic Aware Pre-training Model for Traffic Classification27 Aug 2025
- 2025Revolutionizing Encrypted Traffic Classification with MH-Net: A Multi-View Heterogeneous Graph Model5 Jan 2025
- 2024NetFlowGen: Leveraging Generative Pre-training for Network Traffic Dynamics30 Dec 2024
- 2024Efficiently and Effectively: A Two-stage Approach to Balance Plaintext and Encrypted Text for Traffic Classification29 Jul 2024
- 2024One Train for Two Tasks: An Encrypted Traffic Classification Framework Using Supervised Contrastive Learning12 Feb 2024
- 2023NetGPT: Generative Pretrained Transformer for Network Traffic19 Apr 2023
- 2023On the Local Cache Update Rules in Streaming Federated Learning28 Mar 2023
- 2023Distributed Traffic Synthesis and Classification in Edge Networks: A Federated Self-supervised Learning Approach1 Feb 2023
- 2022Landing AI on Networks: An equipment vendor viewpoint on Autonomous Driving Networks26 Apr 2022
- 2022Quality Monitoring and Assessment of Deployed Deep Learning Models for Network AIOps28 Feb 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)