Neural Data Server: A Large-Scale Search Engine for Transfer Learning Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Transfer learning has proven to be a successful technique to train deep learning models in the domains where little training data is available. The dominant approach is to pretrain a model on a large generic dataset such as ImageNet and finetune its weights on the target domain. However, in the new era of an ever-increasing number of massive datasets, selecting the relevant data for pretraining is a critical issue. We introduce Neural Data Server (NDS), a large-scale search engine for finding the most useful transfer learning data to the target domain. NDS consists of a dataserver which indexes several large popular image datasets, and aims to recommend data to a client, an end-user with a target application with its own small labeled dataset. The dataserver represents large datasets with a much more compact mixture-of-experts model, and employs it to perform data search in a series of dataserver-client transactions at a low computational cost. We show the effectiveness of NDS in various transfer learning scenarios, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance on several target datasets and tasks such as image classification, object detection and instance segmentation. Neural Data Server is available as a web-service at http://aidemos.cs.toronto.edu/nds/.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 7; 2023: 4; 2024: 0; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2021SPoT: Better Frozen Model Adaptation through Soft Prompt Transfercited by 235
- 2022Divergence-aware Federated Self-Supervised Learningcited by 71
- 2021Factors of Influence for Transfer Learning across Diverse Appearance Domains and Task Typescited by 54
- 2021Transferability Estimation using Bhattacharyya Class Separabilitycited by 53
- 2021Scalable Diverse Model Selection for Accessible Transfer Learningcited by 40
- 2021Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Transformer-Based Person Re-Identificationcited by 36
- 2022How stable are Transferability Metrics evaluations?cited by 30
- 2021GAIA: A Transfer Learning System of Object Detection that Fits Your Needscited by 27
- 2023Too Large; Data Reduction for Vision-Language Pre-Trainingcited by 26
- 2021Transferability Metrics for Selecting Source Model Ensemblescited by 24
- 2022tf.data service: A Case for Disaggregating ML Input Data Processingcited by 15
- 2023Better with Less: A Data-Active Perspective on Pre-Training Graph Neural Networkscited by 14
15 more
- 2021Label-Free Model Evaluation with Semi-Structured Dataset Representationscited by 10
- 2021Ranking Models in Unlabeled New Environmentscited by 8
- 2023Train/Test-Time Adaptation with Retrievalcited by 7
- 2021Supervised Momentum Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot Classificationcited by 6
- 2021DIVA: Dataset Derivative of a Learning Taskcited by 4
- 2022Scalable Neural Data Server: A Data Recommender for Transfer Learningcited by 4
- 2025Unsupervised Search for Ethnic Minorities' Medical Segmentation Training Setcited by 4
- 2021Modular Adaptation for Cross-Domain Few-Shot Learningcited by 3
- 2022SHiFT: An Efficient, Flexible Search Engine for Transfer Learningcited by 3
- 2022Outsourcing Training without Uploading Data via Efficient Collaborative Open-Source Samplingcited by 3
- 2023Large-scale Training Data Search for Object Re-identificationcited by 3
- 2021TAGLETS: A System for Automatic Semi-Supervised Learning with Auxiliary Datacited by 1
- 2022SEPT: Towards Scalable and Efficient Visual Pre-Trainingcited by 1
- 2026Bipartite Mode Matching for Vision Training Set Search from a Hierarchical Data Servercited by 1
- 2025How to Select Pre-Trained Code Models for Reuse? A Learning Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026Bipartite Mode Matching for Vision Training Set Search from a Hierarchical Data Server14 Jan 2026
- 2025How to Select Pre-Trained Code Models for Reuse? A Learning Perspective7 Jan 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Search for Ethnic Minorities' Medical Segmentation Training Set5 Jan 2025
- 2023Better with Less: A Data-Active Perspective on Pre-Training Graph Neural Networks2 Nov 2023
- 2023Too Large; Data Reduction for Vision-Language Pre-Training31 May 2023
- 2023Large-scale Training Data Search for Object Re-identification28 Mar 2023
- 2023Train/Test-Time Adaptation with Retrieval25 Mar 2023
- 2022SEPT: Towards Scalable and Efficient Visual Pre-Training11 Dec 2022
- 2022tf.data service: A Case for Disaggregating ML Input Data Processing26 Oct 2022
- 2022Outsourcing Training without Uploading Data via Efficient Collaborative Open-Source Sampling23 Oct 2022
- 2022Scalable Neural Data Server: A Data Recommender for Transfer Learning19 Jun 2022
- 2022Divergence-aware Federated Self-Supervised Learning9 Apr 2022
15 more
- 2022SHiFT: An Efficient, Flexible Search Engine for Transfer Learning4 Apr 2022
- 2022How stable are Transferability Metrics evaluations?4 Apr 2022
- 2021Label-Free Model Evaluation with Semi-Structured Dataset Representations1 Dec 2021
- 2021Transferability Metrics for Selecting Source Model Ensembles25 Nov 2021
- 2021Transferability Estimation using Bhattacharyya Class Separability24 Nov 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Transformer-Based Person Re-Identification23 Nov 2021
- 2021DIVA: Dataset Derivative of a Learning Task18 Nov 2021
- 2021Scalable Diverse Model Selection for Accessible Transfer Learning12 Nov 2021
- 2021TAGLETS: A System for Automatic Semi-Supervised Learning with Auxiliary Data8 Nov 2021
- 2021SPoT: Better Frozen Model Adaptation through Soft Prompt Transfer15 Oct 2021
- 2021Ranking Models in Unlabeled New Environments23 Aug 2021
- 2021GAIA: A Transfer Learning System of Object Detection that Fits Your Needs21 Jun 2021
- 2021Modular Adaptation for Cross-Domain Few-Shot Learning1 Apr 2021
- 2021Factors of Influence for Transfer Learning across Diverse Appearance Domains and Task Types24 Mar 2021
- 2021Supervised Momentum Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot Classification26 Jan 2021
- 2023Too Large; Data Reduction for Vision-Language Pre-Trainingcited by 26
- 2023Too Large; Data Reduction for Vision-Language Pre-Training31 May 2023
- 2021SPoT: Better Frozen Model Adaptation through Soft Prompt Transfercited by 235
- 2022Divergence-aware Federated Self-Supervised Learningcited by 71
- 2021Factors of Influence for Transfer Learning across Diverse Appearance Domains and Task Typescited by 54
- 2021Transferability Estimation using Bhattacharyya Class Separabilitycited by 53
- 2021Scalable Diverse Model Selection for Accessible Transfer Learningcited by 40
- 2021Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Transformer-Based Person Re-Identificationcited by 36
- 2022How stable are Transferability Metrics evaluations?cited by 30
- 2021GAIA: A Transfer Learning System of Object Detection that Fits Your Needscited by 27
- 2021Transferability Metrics for Selecting Source Model Ensemblescited by 24
- 2022tf.data service: A Case for Disaggregating ML Input Data Processingcited by 15
- 2023Better with Less: A Data-Active Perspective on Pre-Training Graph Neural Networkscited by 14
- 2021Label-Free Model Evaluation with Semi-Structured Dataset Representationscited by 10
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Bipartite Mode Matching for Vision Training Set Search from a Hierarchical Data Server14 Jan 2026
- 2025How to Select Pre-Trained Code Models for Reuse? A Learning Perspective7 Jan 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Search for Ethnic Minorities' Medical Segmentation Training Set5 Jan 2025
- 2023Better with Less: A Data-Active Perspective on Pre-Training Graph Neural Networks2 Nov 2023
- 2023Large-scale Training Data Search for Object Re-identification28 Mar 2023
- 2023Train/Test-Time Adaptation with Retrieval25 Mar 2023
- 2022SEPT: Towards Scalable and Efficient Visual Pre-Training11 Dec 2022
- 2022tf.data service: A Case for Disaggregating ML Input Data Processing26 Oct 2022
- 2022Outsourcing Training without Uploading Data via Efficient Collaborative Open-Source Sampling23 Oct 2022
- 2022Divergence-aware Federated Self-Supervised Learning9 Apr 2022
- 2022SHiFT: An Efficient, Flexible Search Engine for Transfer Learning4 Apr 2022
- 2022How stable are Transferability Metrics evaluations?4 Apr 2022
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
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- 2025DS SERVE: A Framework for Efficient and Scalable Neural Retrieval
- 2022Top-Tuning: a study on transfer learning for an efficient alternative to fine tuning for image classification with fast kernel methods
- 2023Knowledge Transfer from Vision Foundation Models for Efficient Training of Small Task-specific Models
- 2026Structure Aware Neural Architecture Search for Mixture of Experts
- 2023Training on Thin Air: Improve Image Classification with Generated Data
- 2024A Decade of Deep Learning: A Survey on The Magnificent Seven
- 2021Search Spaces for Neural Model Training
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