mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications

arXiv 1912.12910 ↗First posted 30 Dec 2019eess.IV physics.ins-detcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present the first 1Mpixel SPAD camera ever reported. The camera features 3.8ns time gating and 24kfps frame rate; it was fabricated in 180nm CIS technology. Two pixels have been designed with a pitch of 9.4μm in 7T and 5.75T configurations, respectively, achieving a maximum fill factor of 13.4%. The maximum PDP is 27%, median DCR 2.0cps, variation in gating length 120ps, position skew 410ps, and rise/fall time <550ps, all FWHM at 3.3V of excess bias. The sensor was used to capture 2D/3D scenes over 2m with an LSB of 5.4mm and a precision better than 7.8mm. Extended dynamic range is demonstrated in dual exposure operation mode. Spatially overlapped multi-object detection is experimentally demonstrated in single-photon time-gated ToF for the first time.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Dec 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 6; 2023: 5; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.

28 papers.

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  1. 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
  2. 2021Passive Inter-Photon Imagingcited by 16
  3. 2022Consistent Direct Time-of-Flight Video Depth Super-Resolutioncited by 16
  4. 2021The Implicit Values of A Good Hand Shake: Handheld Multi-Frame Neural Depth Refinementcited by 13
  5. 2023SoDaCam: Software-defined Cameras via Single-Photon Imagingcited by 10
  6. 2021Photon-Starved Scene Inference using Single Photon Camerascited by 8
  7. 2022Single-Photon Structured Lightcited by 8
  8. 2022Shakes on a Plane: Unsupervised Depth Estimation from Unstabilized Photographycited by 8
  9. 2021Adaptive Gating for Single-Photon 3D Imagingcited by 7
  10. 2024Generalized Event Camerascited by 7
  11. 2023Role of Transients in Two-Bounce Non-Line-of-Sight Imagingcited by 5
  12. 2021Polarimetric Spatio-Temporal Light Transport Probingcited by 4
16 more
  1. 2023Count-Free Single-Photon 3D Imaging with Race Logiccited by 4
  2. 2025SVDC: Consistent Direct Time-of-Flight Video Depth Completion with Frequency Selective Fusioncited by 4
  3. 2024Resolution Limit of Single-Photon LiDARcited by 3
  4. 2025Recovering Parametric Scenes from Very Few Time-of-Flight Pixelscited by 3
  5. 2022Non-Line-of-Sight Tracking and Mapping with an Active Corner Cameracited by 2
  6. 2022Large-scale single-photon imagingcited by 2
  7. 2023Panoramas from Photonscited by 2
  8. 2024bit2bit: 1-bit quanta video reconstruction via self-supervised photon predictioncited by 2
  9. 2021Imaging dynamics beneath turbid media via parallelized single-photon detectioncited by 1
  10. 2023Single-pixel 3D imaging based on fusion temporal data of single photon detector and millimeter-wave radarcited by 1
  11. 2024Photon Inhibition for Energy-Efficient Single-Photon Imagingcited by 1
  12. 2025Joint Depth and Reflectivity Estimation using Single-Photon LiDARcited by 0
  13. 2026Fundamental Recovery Bounds for SPAD Signals under Stationary Fluxcited by 0
  14. 2026Imaging Hidden Objects with Consumer LiDAR via Motion Induced Samplingcited by 0
  15. 2026Machine learning enables experimental access to photon-by-photon arrival times in scintillation detectorscited by 0
  16. 2026Practical Noise Modeling for SPAD Intensity Imagingcited by 0