Unpaired Image Enhancement Featuring Reinforcement-Learning-Controlled Image Editing Software
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper tackles unpaired image enhancement, a task of learning a mapping function which transforms input images into enhanced images in the absence of input-output image pairs. Our method is based on generative adversarial networks (GANs), but instead of simply generating images with a neural network, we enhance images utilizing image editing software such as Adobe Photoshop for the following three benefits: enhanced images have no artifacts, the same enhancement can be applied to larger images, and the enhancement is interpretable. To incorporate image editing software into a GAN, we propose a reinforcement learning framework where the generator works as the agent that selects the software's parameters and is rewarded when it fools the discriminator. Our framework can use high-quality non-differentiable filters present in image editing software, which enables image enhancement with high performance. We apply the proposed method to two unpaired image enhancement tasks: photo enhancement and face beautification. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance, compared to the performances of the state-of-the-art methods based on unpaired learning.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 8; 2024: 6; 2025: 11; 2026: 4.
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- 2023Retinexformer: One-stage Retinex-based Transformer for Low-light Image Enhancementcited by 231
- 2023Low-Light Image Enhancement via Structure Modeling and Guidancecited by 79
- 2021PPR10K: A Large-Scale Portrait Photo Retouching Dataset with Human-Region Mask and Group-Level Consistencycited by 59
- 2025JarvisArt: Liberating Human Artistic Creativity via an Intelligent Photo Retouching Agentcited by 39
- 20224D LUT: Learnable Context-Aware 4D Lookup Table for Image Enhancementcited by 34
- 2024AdaptiveISP: Learning an Adaptive Image Signal Processor for Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2023LLDiffusion: Learning Degradation Representations in Diffusion Models for Low-Light Image Enhancementcited by 15
- 2021Very Lightweight Photo Retouching Network with Conditional Sequential Modulationcited by 14
- 2024DiffRetouch: Using Diffusion to Retouch on the Shoulder of Expertscited by 14
- 2023Lookup Table meets Local Laplacian Filter: Pyramid Reconstruction Network for Tone Mappingcited by 12
- 2025MonetGPT: Solving Puzzles Enhances MLLMs' Image Retouching Skillscited by 10
- 2025PhotoArtAgent: Intelligent Photo Retouching with Language Model-Based Artist Agentscited by 9
22 more
- 2022Learning Diverse Tone Styles for Image Retouchingcited by 8
- 2023Personalized Image Enhancement Featuring Masked Style Modelingcited by 6
- 2025Goal Conditioned Reinforcement Learning for Photo Finishing Tuningcited by 6
- 2025GM-MoE: Low-Light Enhancement with Gated-Mechanism Mixture-of-Expertscited by 4
- 2025High-resolution Photo Enhancement in Real-time: A Laplacian Pyramid Networkcited by 4
- 2026RetouchIQ: MLLM Agents for Instruction-Based Image Retouching with Generalist Rewardcited by 4
- 2024Prompt-Guided Image-Adaptive Neural Implicit Lookup Tables for Interpretable Image Enhancementcited by 3
- 2025FLOL: Fast Baselines for Real-World Low-Light Enhancementcited by 3
- 2023Crowd-Powered Photo Enhancement Featuring an Active Learning Based Local Filtercited by 2
- 2024DPEC: Dual-Path Error Compensation Method for Enhanced Low-Light Image Claritycited by 2
- 2026RL-AWB: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Auto White Balance Correction in Low-Light Night-time Scenescited by 2
- 2023LuminanceL1Loss: A loss function which measures percieved brightness and colour differencescited by 1
- 2025Learning Physics-Informed Color-Aware Transforms for Low-Light Image Enhancementcited by 1
- 2025DeepSPG: Exploring Deep Semantic Prior Guidance for Low-light Image Enhancement with Multimodal Learningcited by 1
- 2022Local Low-light Image Enhancement via Region-Aware Normalizationcited by 0
- 2023Revealing Shadows: Low-Light Image Enhancement Using Self-Calibrated Illuminationcited by 0
- 2024RSEND: Retinex-based Squeeze and Excitation Network with Dark Region Detection for Efficient Low Light Image Enhancementcited by 0
- 2024LLDif: Diffusion Models for Low-light Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Leveraging the Powerful Attention of a Pre-trained Diffusion Model for Exemplar-based Image Colorizationcited by 0
- 2025Image Enhancement Based on Pigment Representationcited by 0
- 2026InstantRetouch: Efficient and High-Fidelity Instruction-Guided Image Retouching with Bilateral Spacecited by 0
- 2026MirrorPPR: Exemplar-Based Portrait Photo Retouchingcited by 0
- 2026MirrorPPR: Exemplar-Based Portrait Photo Retouching28 Jun 2026
- 2026InstantRetouch: Efficient and High-Fidelity Instruction-Guided Image Retouching with Bilateral Space3 Jun 2026
- 2026RetouchIQ: MLLM Agents for Instruction-Based Image Retouching with Generalist Reward19 Feb 2026
- 2026RL-AWB: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Auto White Balance Correction in Low-Light Night-time Scenes8 Jan 2026
- 2025High-resolution Photo Enhancement in Real-time: A Laplacian Pyramid Network13 Oct 2025
- 2025Image Enhancement Based on Pigment Representation3 Oct 2025
- 2025JarvisArt: Liberating Human Artistic Creativity via an Intelligent Photo Retouching Agent21 Jun 2025
- 2025PhotoArtAgent: Intelligent Photo Retouching with Language Model-Based Artist Agents29 May 2025
- 2025Leveraging the Powerful Attention of a Pre-trained Diffusion Model for Exemplar-based Image Colorization21 May 2025
- 2025MonetGPT: Solving Puzzles Enhances MLLMs' Image Retouching Skills9 May 2025
- 2025DeepSPG: Exploring Deep Semantic Prior Guidance for Low-light Image Enhancement with Multimodal Learning27 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning Physics-Informed Color-Aware Transforms for Low-Light Image Enhancement16 Apr 2025
22 more
- 2025GM-MoE: Low-Light Enhancement with Gated-Mechanism Mixture-of-Experts10 Mar 2025
- 2025Goal Conditioned Reinforcement Learning for Photo Finishing Tuning10 Mar 2025
- 2025FLOL: Fast Baselines for Real-World Low-Light Enhancement16 Jan 2025
- 2024AdaptiveISP: Learning an Adaptive Image Signal Processor for Object Detection30 Oct 2024
- 2024Prompt-Guided Image-Adaptive Neural Implicit Lookup Tables for Interpretable Image Enhancement20 Aug 2024
- 2024LLDif: Diffusion Models for Low-light Emotion Recognition8 Aug 2024
- 2024DiffRetouch: Using Diffusion to Retouch on the Shoulder of Experts4 Jul 2024
- 2024DPEC: Dual-Path Error Compensation Method for Enhanced Low-Light Image Clarity28 Jun 2024
- 2024RSEND: Retinex-based Squeeze and Excitation Network with Dark Region Detection for Efficient Low Light Image Enhancement14 Jun 2024
- 2023Revealing Shadows: Low-Light Image Enhancement Using Self-Calibrated Illumination23 Dec 2023
- 2023LuminanceL1Loss: A loss function which measures percieved brightness and colour differences8 Nov 2023
- 2023Lookup Table meets Local Laplacian Filter: Pyramid Reconstruction Network for Tone Mapping26 Oct 2023
- 2023LLDiffusion: Learning Degradation Representations in Diffusion Models for Low-Light Image Enhancement27 Jul 2023
- 2023Personalized Image Enhancement Featuring Masked Style Modeling15 Jun 2023
- 2023Crowd-Powered Photo Enhancement Featuring an Active Learning Based Local Filter15 Jun 2023
- 2023Low-Light Image Enhancement via Structure Modeling and Guidance10 May 2023
- 2023Retinexformer: One-stage Retinex-based Transformer for Low-light Image Enhancement12 Mar 2023
- 20224D LUT: Learnable Context-Aware 4D Lookup Table for Image Enhancement5 Sep 2022
- 2022Local Low-light Image Enhancement via Region-Aware Normalization16 Aug 2022
- 2022Learning Diverse Tone Styles for Image Retouching12 Jul 2022
- 2021PPR10K: A Large-Scale Portrait Photo Retouching Dataset with Human-Region Mask and Group-Level Consistency19 May 2021
- 2021Very Lightweight Photo Retouching Network with Conditional Sequential Modulation13 Apr 2021
- 2023LLDiffusion: Learning Degradation Representations in Diffusion Models for Low-Light Image Enhancementcited by 15
- 2024LLDif: Diffusion Models for Low-light Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Leveraging the Powerful Attention of a Pre-trained Diffusion Model for Exemplar-based Image Colorizationcited by 0
- 2025Leveraging the Powerful Attention of a Pre-trained Diffusion Model for Exemplar-based Image Colorization21 May 2025
- 2024LLDif: Diffusion Models for Low-light Emotion Recognition8 Aug 2024
- 2023LLDiffusion: Learning Degradation Representations in Diffusion Models for Low-Light Image Enhancement27 Jul 2023
- 2023Retinexformer: One-stage Retinex-based Transformer for Low-light Image Enhancementcited by 231
- 2023Low-Light Image Enhancement via Structure Modeling and Guidancecited by 79
- 2021PPR10K: A Large-Scale Portrait Photo Retouching Dataset with Human-Region Mask and Group-Level Consistencycited by 59
- 20224D LUT: Learnable Context-Aware 4D Lookup Table for Image Enhancementcited by 34
- 2024AdaptiveISP: Learning an Adaptive Image Signal Processor for Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2021Very Lightweight Photo Retouching Network with Conditional Sequential Modulationcited by 14
- 2024DiffRetouch: Using Diffusion to Retouch on the Shoulder of Expertscited by 14
- 2023Lookup Table meets Local Laplacian Filter: Pyramid Reconstruction Network for Tone Mappingcited by 12
- 2025MonetGPT: Solving Puzzles Enhances MLLMs' Image Retouching Skillscited by 10
- 2022Learning Diverse Tone Styles for Image Retouchingcited by 8
- 2023Personalized Image Enhancement Featuring Masked Style Modelingcited by 6
- 2025High-resolution Photo Enhancement in Real-time: A Laplacian Pyramid Networkcited by 4
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026MirrorPPR: Exemplar-Based Portrait Photo Retouching28 Jun 2026
- 2026InstantRetouch: Efficient and High-Fidelity Instruction-Guided Image Retouching with Bilateral Space3 Jun 2026
- 2025High-resolution Photo Enhancement in Real-time: A Laplacian Pyramid Network13 Oct 2025
- 2025Image Enhancement Based on Pigment Representation3 Oct 2025
- 2025MonetGPT: Solving Puzzles Enhances MLLMs' Image Retouching Skills9 May 2025
- 2025DeepSPG: Exploring Deep Semantic Prior Guidance for Low-light Image Enhancement with Multimodal Learning27 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning Physics-Informed Color-Aware Transforms for Low-Light Image Enhancement16 Apr 2025
- 2025FLOL: Fast Baselines for Real-World Low-Light Enhancement16 Jan 2025
- 2024AdaptiveISP: Learning an Adaptive Image Signal Processor for Object Detection30 Oct 2024
- 2024Prompt-Guided Image-Adaptive Neural Implicit Lookup Tables for Interpretable Image Enhancement20 Aug 2024
- 2024DiffRetouch: Using Diffusion to Retouch on the Shoulder of Experts4 Jul 2024
- 2024DPEC: Dual-Path Error Compensation Method for Enhanced Low-Light Image Clarity28 Jun 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)