PacketCGAN: Exploratory Study of Class Imbalance for Encrypted Traffic Classification Using CGAN
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Abstract (arXiv)
With more and more adoption of Deep Learning (DL) in the field of image processing, computer vision and NLP, researchers have begun to apply DL to tackle with encrypted traffic classification problems. Although these methods can automatically extract traffic features to overcome the difficulty of traditional classification methods like DPI in terms of feature engineering, a large amount of data is needed to learn the characteristics of various types of traffic. Therefore, the performance of classification model always significantly depends on the quality of datasets. Nevertheless, the building of datasets is a time-consuming and costly task, especially encrypted traffic data. Apparently, it is often more difficult to collect a large amount of traffic samples of those unpopular encrypted applications than well-known, which leads to the problem of class imbalance between major and minor encrypted applications in datasets. In this paper, we proposed a novel traffic data augmenting method called PacketCGAN using Conditional GAN. As a generative model, PacketCGAN exploit the benefit of CGAN to generate specified traffic to address the problem of the datasets' imbalance. As a proof of concept, three classical DL models like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) were adopted and designed to classify four encrypted traffic datasets augmented by Random Over Sampling (ROS), SMOTE(Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Techinique) , vanilla GAN and PacketCGAN respectively based on two public datasets: ISCX2012 and USTC-TFC2016. The experimental evaluation results demonstrate that DL based encrypted traffic classifier over dataset augmented by PacketCGAN can achieve better performance than the others.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2022ET-BERT: A Contextualized Datagram Representation with Pre-training Transformers for Encrypted Traffic Classificationcited by 66
- 2021RA-GCN: Graph Convolutional Network for Disease Prediction Problems with Imbalanced Datacited by 14
- 2021Multi-Task Hierarchical Learning Based Network Traffic Analyticscited by 3
- 2024Data Augmentation for Traffic Classificationcited by 3
- 2025Quantifying the Privacy Implications of High-Fidelity Synthetic Network Trafficcited by 3
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Network Traffic Synthesis: From Statistical Models to Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2025MobiGPT: A Foundation Model for Mobile Wireless Networkscited by 1
- 2023FedEdge AI-TC: A Semi-supervised Traffic Classification Method based on Trusted Federated Deep Learning for Mobile Edge Computingcited by 0
- 2024Group & Reweight: A Novel Cost-Sensitive Approach to Mitigating Class Imbalance in Network Traffic Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Semantic-aware Graph-guided Behavior Sequences Generation with Large Language Models for Smart Homescited by 0
- 2026Studying the Role of Synthetic Data for Machine Learning-based Wireless Networks Traffic Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Studying the Role of Synthetic Data for Machine Learning-based Wireless Networks Traffic Forecasting12 Jan 2026
- 2025Quantifying the Privacy Implications of High-Fidelity Synthetic Network Traffic25 Nov 2025
- 2025MobiGPT: A Foundation Model for Mobile Wireless Networks17 Sep 2025
- 2025Semantic-aware Graph-guided Behavior Sequences Generation with Large Language Models for Smart Homes5 Aug 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Network Traffic Synthesis: From Statistical Models to Deep Learning23 Jun 2025
- 2024Group & Reweight: A Novel Cost-Sensitive Approach to Mitigating Class Imbalance in Network Traffic Classification28 Sep 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation for Traffic Classification19 Jan 2024
- 2023FedEdge AI-TC: A Semi-supervised Traffic Classification Method based on Trusted Federated Deep Learning for Mobile Edge Computing14 Aug 2023
- 2022ET-BERT: A Contextualized Datagram Representation with Pre-training Transformers for Encrypted Traffic Classification13 Feb 2022
- 2021Multi-Task Hierarchical Learning Based Network Traffic Analytics5 Jun 2021
- 2021RA-GCN: Graph Convolutional Network for Disease Prediction Problems with Imbalanced Data27 Feb 2021