Single Headed Attention RNN: Stop Thinking With Your Head
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Abstract (arXiv)
The leading approaches in language modeling are all obsessed with TV shows of my youth - namely Transformers and Sesame Street. Transformers this, Transformers that, and over here a bonfire worth of GPU-TPU-neuromorphic wafer scale silicon. We opt for the lazy path of old and proven techniques with a fancy crypto inspired acronym: the Single Headed Attention RNN (SHA-RNN). The author's lone goal is to show that the entire field might have evolved a different direction if we had instead been obsessed with a slightly different acronym and slightly different result. We take a previously strong language model based only on boring LSTMs and get it to within a stone's throw of a stone's throw of state-of-the-art byte level language model results on enwik8. This work has undergone no intensive hyperparameter optimization and lived entirely on a commodity desktop machine that made the author's small studio apartment far too warm in the midst of a San Franciscan summer. The final results are achievable in plus or minus 24 hours on a single GPU as the author is impatient. The attention mechanism is also readily extended to large contexts with minimal computation. Take that Sesame Street.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 5; 2023: 5; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Transformers are Multi-State RNNscited by 120
- 2023SpikeGPT: Generative Pre-trained Language Model with Spiking Neural Networkscited by 88
- 2022Cramming: Training a Language Model on a Single GPU in One Daycited by 81
- 2021When Attention Meets Fast Recurrence: Training Language Models with Reduced Computecited by 34
- 2022Fine-Tuning Pre-trained Transformers into Decaying Fast Weightscited by 26
- 2021A Generalizable Approach to Learning Optimizerscited by 23
- 2023A Language Model with Limited Memory Capacity Captures Interference in Human Sentence Processingcited by 22
- 2022A survey on attention mechanisms for medical applications: are we moving towards better algorithms?cited by 15
- 2021Automated essay scoring using efficient transformer-based language modelscited by 12
- 2022Mukayese: Turkish NLP Strikes Backcited by 9
- 2023On "Scientific Debt" in NLP: A Case for More Rigour in Language Model Pre-Training Researchcited by 7
- 2021SRU++: Pioneering Fast Recurrence with Attention for Speech Recognitioncited by 6
14 more
- 2021LegaLMFiT: Efficient Short Legal Text Classification with LSTM Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 4
- 2021Attention vs non-attention for a Shapley-based explanation methodcited by 3
- 2025Simple Projection Variants Improve ColBERT Performancecited by 2
- 2024Transformer models as an efficient replacement for statistical test suites to evaluate the quality of random numberscited by 1
- 2025Efficient Language Modeling for Low-Resource Settings with Hybrid RNN-Transformer Architecturescited by 1
- 2021Dynamic Pooling Improves Nanopore Base Calling Accuracycited by 0
- 2021Online Self-Attentive Gated RNNs for Real-Time Speaker Separationcited by 0
- 2021SHAQ: Single Headed Attention with Quasi-Recurrencecited by 0
- 2022Circling Back to Recurrent Models of Languagecited by 0
- 2023Implicit Geometry and Interaction Embeddings Improve Few-Shot Molecular Property Predictioncited by 0
- 2023RCMHA: Relative Convolutional Multi-Head Attention for Natural Language Modellingcited by 0
- 2024Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Network For Automatic Behavior Laying Hen Recognitioncited by 0
- 2024Deep learning-based approach for tomato classification in complex scenescited by 0
- 2026Building LLM Agent Systems the Deep Learning Way: From Modular Design to Architecture Searchcited by 0
- 2026Building LLM Agent Systems the Deep Learning Way: From Modular Design to Architecture Search4 Oct 2026
- 2025Simple Projection Variants Improve ColBERT Performance14 Oct 2025
- 2025Efficient Language Modeling for Low-Resource Settings with Hybrid RNN-Transformer Architectures2 Feb 2025
- 2024Transformer models as an efficient replacement for statistical test suites to evaluate the quality of random numbers6 May 2024
- 2024Deep learning-based approach for tomato classification in complex scenes26 Jan 2024
- 2024Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Network For Automatic Behavior Laying Hen Recognition18 Jan 2024
- 2024Transformers are Multi-State RNNs11 Jan 2024
- 2023A Language Model with Limited Memory Capacity Captures Interference in Human Sentence Processing24 Oct 2023
- 2023RCMHA: Relative Convolutional Multi-Head Attention for Natural Language Modelling7 Aug 2023
- 2023On "Scientific Debt" in NLP: A Case for More Rigour in Language Model Pre-Training Research5 Jun 2023
- 2023SpikeGPT: Generative Pre-trained Language Model with Spiking Neural Networks27 Feb 2023
- 2023Implicit Geometry and Interaction Embeddings Improve Few-Shot Molecular Property Prediction4 Feb 2023
14 more
- 2022Cramming: Training a Language Model on a Single GPU in One Day28 Dec 2022
- 2022Circling Back to Recurrent Models of Language3 Nov 2022
- 2022Fine-Tuning Pre-trained Transformers into Decaying Fast Weights9 Oct 2022
- 2022A survey on attention mechanisms for medical applications: are we moving towards better algorithms?26 Apr 2022
- 2022Mukayese: Turkish NLP Strikes Back2 Mar 2022
- 2021SRU++: Pioneering Fast Recurrence with Attention for Speech Recognition11 Oct 2021
- 2021LegaLMFiT: Efficient Short Legal Text Classification with LSTM Language Model Pre-Training2 Sep 2021
- 2021SHAQ: Single Headed Attention with Quasi-Recurrence18 Aug 2021
- 2021Online Self-Attentive Gated RNNs for Real-Time Speaker Separation25 Jun 2021
- 2021A Generalizable Approach to Learning Optimizers2 Jun 2021
- 2021Dynamic Pooling Improves Nanopore Base Calling Accuracy16 May 2021
- 2021Attention vs non-attention for a Shapley-based explanation method26 Apr 2021
- 2021Automated essay scoring using efficient transformer-based language models25 Feb 2021
- 2021When Attention Meets Fast Recurrence: Training Language Models with Reduced Compute24 Feb 2021
- 2024Transformers are Multi-State RNNscited by 120
- 2024Transformers are Multi-State RNNs11 Jan 2024
- 2023SpikeGPT: Generative Pre-trained Language Model with Spiking Neural Networkscited by 88
- 2022Cramming: Training a Language Model on a Single GPU in One Daycited by 81
- 2021When Attention Meets Fast Recurrence: Training Language Models with Reduced Computecited by 34
- 2022Fine-Tuning Pre-trained Transformers into Decaying Fast Weightscited by 26
- 2021A Generalizable Approach to Learning Optimizerscited by 23
- 2023A Language Model with Limited Memory Capacity Captures Interference in Human Sentence Processingcited by 22
- 2022A survey on attention mechanisms for medical applications: are we moving towards better algorithms?cited by 15
- 2021Automated essay scoring using efficient transformer-based language modelscited by 12
- 2022Mukayese: Turkish NLP Strikes Backcited by 9
- 2023On "Scientific Debt" in NLP: A Case for More Rigour in Language Model Pre-Training Researchcited by 7
- 2021SRU++: Pioneering Fast Recurrence with Attention for Speech Recognitioncited by 6
- 2021LegaLMFiT: Efficient Short Legal Text Classification with LSTM Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 4
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2025Simple Projection Variants Improve ColBERT Performance14 Oct 2025
- 2025Efficient Language Modeling for Low-Resource Settings with Hybrid RNN-Transformer Architectures2 Feb 2025
- 2024Transformer models as an efficient replacement for statistical test suites to evaluate the quality of random numbers6 May 2024
- 2024Deep learning-based approach for tomato classification in complex scenes26 Jan 2024
- 2024Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Network For Automatic Behavior Laying Hen Recognition18 Jan 2024
- 2023A Language Model with Limited Memory Capacity Captures Interference in Human Sentence Processing24 Oct 2023
- 2023RCMHA: Relative Convolutional Multi-Head Attention for Natural Language Modelling7 Aug 2023
- 2023On "Scientific Debt" in NLP: A Case for More Rigour in Language Model Pre-Training Research5 Jun 2023
- 2023SpikeGPT: Generative Pre-trained Language Model with Spiking Neural Networks27 Feb 2023
- 2023Implicit Geometry and Interaction Embeddings Improve Few-Shot Molecular Property Prediction4 Feb 2023
- 2022Cramming: Training a Language Model on a Single GPU in One Day28 Dec 2022
- 2022Circling Back to Recurrent Models of Language3 Nov 2022
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)