M3ER: Multiplicative Multimodal Emotion Recognition Using Facial, Textual, and Speech Cues
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present M3ER, a learning-based method for emotion recognition from multiple input modalities. Our approach combines cues from multiple co-occurring modalities (such as face, text, and speech) and also is more robust than other methods to sensor noise in any of the individual modalities. M3ER models a novel, data-driven multiplicative fusion method to combine the modalities, which learn to emphasize the more reliable cues and suppress others on a per-sample basis. By introducing a check step which uses Canonical Correlational Analysis to differentiate between ineffective and effective modalities, M3ER is robust to sensor noise. M3ER also generates proxy features in place of the ineffectual modalities. We demonstrate the efficiency of our network through experimentation on two benchmark datasets, IEMOCAP and CMU-MOSEI. We report a mean accuracy of 82.7% on IEMOCAP and 89.0% on CMU-MOSEI, which, collectively, is an improvement of about 5% over prior work.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 10; 2023: 8; 2024: 13; 2025: 6; 2026: 6.
56 papers.
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- 2021M3DeTR: Multi-representation, Multi-scale, Mutual-relation 3D Object Detection with Transformerscited by 74
- 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 59
- 2022Speech Emotion Recognition using Self-Supervised Featurescited by 53
- 2021Bi-Bimodal Modality Fusion for Correlation-Controlled Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 45
- 2023Prompting Visual-Language Models for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 44
- 2021Exploiting BERT For Multimodal Target Sentiment Classification Through Input Space Translationcited by 41
- 2022A Review on Methods and Applications in Multimodal Deep Learningcited by 29
- 2022NR-DFERNet: Noise-Robust Network for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 27
- 2024Towards Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Incomplete Datacited by 27
- 2021Recent Advances and Trends in Multimodal Deep Learning: A Reviewcited by 26
- 2024Robust Emotion Recognition in Context Debiasingcited by 24
- 2022Tailor Versatile Multi-modal Learning for Multi-label Emotion Recognitioncited by 22
38 more
- 2022Leveraging Modality-specific Representations for Audio-visual Speech Recognition via Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2021HetEmotionNet: Two-Stream Heterogeneous Graph Recurrent Neural Network for Multi-modal Emotion Recognitioncited by 15
- 2023UniS-MMC: Multimodal Classification via Unimodality-supervised Multimodal Contrastive Learningcited by 13
- 2024SemEval-2024 Task 3: Multimodal Emotion Cause Analysis in Conversationscited by 12
- 2023HCAM -- Hierarchical Cross Attention Model for Multi-modal Emotion Recognitioncited by 11
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Video Classification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 10
- 2023Using Auxiliary Tasks In Multimodal Fusion Of Wav2vec 2.0 And BERT For Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Brain-inspired Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 9
- 2022Interpretability for Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Concept Activation Vectorscited by 8
- 2022Sentiment Word Aware Multimodal Refinement for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with ASR Errorscited by 7
- 2022Multimodal Emotion Recognition with Modality-Pairwise Unsupervised Contrastive Losscited by 7
- 2023Noise-Resistant Multimodal Transformer for Emotion Recognitioncited by 6
- 2021SFE-Net: EEG-based Emotion Recognition with Symmetrical Spatial Feature Extractioncited by 4
- 2024Triple Disentangled Representation Learning for Multimodal Affective Analysiscited by 4
- 2021HighlightMe: Detecting Highlights from Human-Centric Videoscited by 3
- 2021A Comparative Study of Speaker Role Identification in Air Traffic Communication Using Deep Learning Approachescited by 3
- 2022Ring That Bell: A Corpus and Method for Multimodal Metaphor Detection in Videoscited by 3
- 2023EMERSK -- Explainable Multimodal Emotion Recognition with Situational Knowledgecited by 3
- 2025Fuzzy-aware Loss for Source-free Domain Adaptation in Visual Emotion Recognitioncited by 3
- 2021Modality Fusion Network and Personalized Attention in Momentary Stress Detection in the Wildcited by 2
- 2022Deep Insights of Learning based Micro Expression Recognition: A Perspective on Promises, Challenges and Research Needscited by 2
- 2023Accommodating Missing Modalities in Time-Continuous Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 2
- 2021MONAH: Multi-Modal Narratives for Humans to analyze conversationscited by 1
- 2021General-Purpose Speech Representation Learning through a Self-Supervised Multi-Granularity Frameworkcited by 1
- 2024Detail-Enhanced Intra- and Inter-modal Interaction for Audio-Visual Emotion Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025Leveraging CLIP Encoder for Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 1
- 2026A Two-Stage Dual-Modality Model for Facial Emotional Expression Recognitioncited by 1
- 2021Transfer Learning in Conversational Analysis through Reusing Preprocessing Data as Supervisorscited by 0
- 2023When Measures are Unreliable: Imperceptible Adversarial Perturbations toward Top-k Multi-Label Learningcited by 0
- 2024Medical Speech Symptoms Classification via Disentangled Representationcited by 0
- 2024TCAN: Text-oriented Cross Attention Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
- 2024Speech2UnifiedExpressions: Synchronous Synthesis of Co-Speech Affective Face and Body Expressions from Affordable Inputscited by 0
- 2024A Simple Attention-Based Mechanism for Bimodal Emotion Classificationcited by 0
- 2024How Do You Perceive My Face? Recognizing Facial Expressions in Multi-Modal Context by Modeling Mental Representationscited by 0
- 2024Multi-Microphone and Multi-Modal Emotion Recognition in Reverberant Environmentcited by 0
- 2025RAMer: Reconstruction-based Adversarial Model for Multi-party Multi-modal Multi-label Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Unifying EEG and Speech for Emotion Recognition: A Two-Step Joint Learning Framework for Handling Missing EEG Data During Inferencecited by 0
- 2025Multimodal Federated Learning: A Survey through the Lens of Different FL Paradigmscited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Differential Attention Unlocks Complementary EEG and Speech Fusion for Emotion Recognition25 Sep 2026
- 2026Emo-DVS: A Multimodal Benchmark for Privacy-Aware Emotion Recognition with Event Cameras7 Sep 2026
- 2026CONFER: Conflict-Aware Evidence Negotiation for Regime-Calibrated Weak Supervision in Multimodal Emotion Recognition8 Aug 2026
- 2026Physics-Informed CNN-LSTM for Street-Scale Urban Flood Prediction: Reconciling Aggregate Accuracy and Street-Level Plausibility27 Jul 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage Dual-Modality Model for Facial Emotional Expression Recognition12 Mar 2026
- 2026Multimodal Sentiment Analysis based on Multi-channel and Symmetric Mutual Promotion Feature Fusion3 Jan 2026
- 2025MVRS: The Multimodal Virtual Reality Stimuli-based Emotion Recognition Dataset31 Aug 2025
- 2025Leveraging CLIP Encoder for Multimodal Emotion Recognition1 Jun 2025
- 2025Multimodal Federated Learning: A Survey through the Lens of Different FL Paradigms27 May 2025
- 2025Unifying EEG and Speech for Emotion Recognition: A Two-Step Joint Learning Framework for Handling Missing EEG Data During Inference20 Mar 2025
- 2025RAMer: Reconstruction-based Adversarial Model for Multi-party Multi-modal Multi-label Emotion Recognition9 Feb 2025
- 2025Fuzzy-aware Loss for Source-free Domain Adaptation in Visual Emotion Recognition26 Jan 2025
38 more
- 2024Towards Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Incomplete Data30 Sep 2024
- 2024Multi-Microphone and Multi-Modal Emotion Recognition in Reverberant Environment14 Sep 2024
- 2024How Do You Perceive My Face? Recognizing Facial Expressions in Multi-Modal Context by Modeling Mental Representations4 Sep 2024
- 2024Brain-inspired Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review27 Aug 2024
- 2024A Simple Attention-Based Mechanism for Bimodal Emotion Classification28 Jun 2024
- 2024Speech2UnifiedExpressions: Synchronous Synthesis of Co-Speech Affective Face and Body Expressions from Affordable Inputs26 Jun 2024
- 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detection5 Jun 2024
- 2024Detail-Enhanced Intra- and Inter-modal Interaction for Audio-Visual Emotion Recognition26 May 2024
- 2024SemEval-2024 Task 3: Multimodal Emotion Cause Analysis in Conversations19 May 2024
- 2024TCAN: Text-oriented Cross Attention Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis6 Apr 2024
- 2024Robust Emotion Recognition in Context Debiasing9 Mar 2024
- 2024Medical Speech Symptoms Classification via Disentangled Representation8 Mar 2024
- 2024Triple Disentangled Representation Learning for Multimodal Affective Analysis29 Jan 2024
- 2023Accommodating Missing Modalities in Time-Continuous Multimodal Emotion Recognition16 Nov 2023
- 2023Prompting Visual-Language Models for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition25 Aug 2023
- 2023When Measures are Unreliable: Imperceptible Adversarial Perturbations toward Top-k Multi-Label Learning27 Jul 2023
- 2023EMERSK -- Explainable Multimodal Emotion Recognition with Situational Knowledge14 Jun 2023
- 2023UniS-MMC: Multimodal Classification via Unimodality-supervised Multimodal Contrastive Learning16 May 2023
- 2023Noise-Resistant Multimodal Transformer for Emotion Recognition4 May 2023
- 2023HCAM -- Hierarchical Cross Attention Model for Multi-modal Emotion Recognition14 Apr 2023
- 2023Using Auxiliary Tasks In Multimodal Fusion Of Wav2vec 2.0 And BERT For Multimodal Emotion Recognition27 Feb 2023
- 2022Ring That Bell: A Corpus and Method for Multimodal Metaphor Detection in Videos15 Dec 2022
- 2022Leveraging Modality-specific Representations for Audio-visual Speech Recognition via Reinforcement Learning10 Dec 2022
- 2022Deep Insights of Learning based Micro Expression Recognition: A Perspective on Promises, Challenges and Research Needs10 Oct 2022
- 2022Multimodal Emotion Recognition with Modality-Pairwise Unsupervised Contrastive Loss23 Jul 2022
- 2022NR-DFERNet: Noise-Robust Network for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition10 Jun 2022
- 2022Sentiment Word Aware Multimodal Refinement for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with ASR Errors1 Mar 2022
- 2022A Review on Methods and Applications in Multimodal Deep Learning18 Feb 2022
- 2022Speech Emotion Recognition using Self-Supervised Features7 Feb 2022
- 2022Interpretability for Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Concept Activation Vectors2 Feb 2022
- 2022Tailor Versatile Multi-modal Learning for Multi-label Emotion Recognition15 Jan 2022
- 2021Transfer Learning in Conversational Analysis through Reusing Preprocessing Data as Supervisors2 Dec 2021
- 2021A Comparative Study of Speaker Role Identification in Air Traffic Communication Using Deep Learning Approaches3 Nov 2021
- 2021HighlightMe: Detecting Highlights from Human-Centric Videos5 Oct 2021
- 2021HetEmotionNet: Two-Stream Heterogeneous Graph Recurrent Neural Network for Multi-modal Emotion Recognition7 Aug 2021
- 2021Exploiting BERT For Multimodal Target Sentiment Classification Through Input Space Translation3 Aug 2021
- 2021Bi-Bimodal Modality Fusion for Correlation-Controlled Multimodal Sentiment Analysis28 Jul 2021
- 2021Modality Fusion Network and Personalized Attention in Momentary Stress Detection in the Wild19 Jul 2021
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2021M3DeTR: Multi-representation, Multi-scale, Mutual-relation 3D Object Detection with Transformerscited by 74
- 2024AVFF: Audio-Visual Feature Fusion for Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 59
- 2022Speech Emotion Recognition using Self-Supervised Featurescited by 53
- 2021Bi-Bimodal Modality Fusion for Correlation-Controlled Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 45
- 2023Prompting Visual-Language Models for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 44
- 2021Exploiting BERT For Multimodal Target Sentiment Classification Through Input Space Translationcited by 41
- 2022A Review on Methods and Applications in Multimodal Deep Learningcited by 29
- 2022NR-DFERNet: Noise-Robust Network for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 27
- 2024Towards Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Incomplete Datacited by 27
- 2021Recent Advances and Trends in Multimodal Deep Learning: A Reviewcited by 26
- 2024Robust Emotion Recognition in Context Debiasingcited by 24
- 2022Tailor Versatile Multi-modal Learning for Multi-label Emotion Recognitioncited by 22
12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Differential Attention Unlocks Complementary EEG and Speech Fusion for Emotion Recognition25 Sep 2026
- 2026Emo-DVS: A Multimodal Benchmark for Privacy-Aware Emotion Recognition with Event Cameras7 Sep 2026
- 2026CONFER: Conflict-Aware Evidence Negotiation for Regime-Calibrated Weak Supervision in Multimodal Emotion Recognition8 Aug 2026
- 2026Physics-Informed CNN-LSTM for Street-Scale Urban Flood Prediction: Reconciling Aggregate Accuracy and Street-Level Plausibility27 Jul 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage Dual-Modality Model for Facial Emotional Expression Recognition12 Mar 2026
- 2026Multimodal Sentiment Analysis based on Multi-channel and Symmetric Mutual Promotion Feature Fusion3 Jan 2026
- 2025MVRS: The Multimodal Virtual Reality Stimuli-based Emotion Recognition Dataset31 Aug 2025
- 2025Leveraging CLIP Encoder for Multimodal Emotion Recognition1 Jun 2025
- 2025Multimodal Federated Learning: A Survey through the Lens of Different FL Paradigms27 May 2025
- 2025Unifying EEG and Speech for Emotion Recognition: A Two-Step Joint Learning Framework for Handling Missing EEG Data During Inference20 Mar 2025
- 2025RAMer: Reconstruction-based Adversarial Model for Multi-party Multi-modal Multi-label Emotion Recognition9 Feb 2025
- 2025Fuzzy-aware Loss for Source-free Domain Adaptation in Visual Emotion Recognition26 Jan 2025
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)