Neural Arabic Text Diacritization: State of the Art Results and a Novel Approach for Machine Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this work, we present several deep learning models for the automatic diacritization of Arabic text. Our models are built using two main approaches, viz. Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), with several enhancements such as 100-hot encoding, embeddings, Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Block-Normalized Gradient (BNG). The models are tested on the only freely available benchmark dataset and the results show that our models are either better or on par with other models, which require language-dependent post-processing steps, unlike ours. Moreover, we show that diacritics in Arabic can be used to enhance the models of NLP tasks such as Machine Translation (MT) by proposing the Translation over Diacritization (ToD) approach.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2023Automatic Restoration of Diacritics for Speech Data Setscited by 8
- 2024Arabic Diacritics in the Wild: Exploiting Opportunities for Improved Diacritizationcited by 8
- 2025NADI 2025: The First Multidialectal Arabic Speech Processing Shared Taskcited by 7
- 2024Arabic Text Diacritization In The Age Of Transfer Learning: Token Classification Is All You Needcited by 4
- 2024CATT: Character-based Arabic Tashkeel Transformercited by 4
- 2023Diacritic Recognition Performance in Arabic ASRcited by 3
- 2023Take the Hint: Improving Arabic Diacritization with Partially-Diacritized Textcited by 2
- 2025Are LLMs Good Text Diacritizers? An Arabic and Yoruba Case Studycited by 2
- 2024A Context-Contrastive Inference Approach To Partial Diacritizationcited by 1
- 2025Sadeed: Advancing Arabic Diacritization Through Small Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026SHAMS: An Audio-Grounded Pronunciation Benchmark for Levantine Arabiccited by 0
- 2026SHAMS: An Audio-Grounded Pronunciation Benchmark for Levantine Arabic1 Oct 2026
- 2025NADI 2025: The First Multidialectal Arabic Speech Processing Shared Task2 Sep 2025
- 2025Are LLMs Good Text Diacritizers? An Arabic and Yoruba Case Study13 Jun 2025
- 2025Sadeed: Advancing Arabic Diacritization Through Small Language Model30 Apr 2025
- 2024CATT: Character-based Arabic Tashkeel Transformer3 Jul 2024
- 2024Arabic Diacritics in the Wild: Exploiting Opportunities for Improved Diacritization9 Jun 2024
- 2024A Context-Contrastive Inference Approach To Partial Diacritization17 Jan 2024
- 2024Arabic Text Diacritization In The Age Of Transfer Learning: Token Classification Is All You Need9 Jan 2024
- 2023Automatic Restoration of Diacritics for Speech Data Sets15 Nov 2023
- 2023Take the Hint: Improving Arabic Diacritization with Partially-Diacritized Text6 Jun 2023
- 2023Diacritic Recognition Performance in Arabic ASR27 Feb 2023