S2ORC: The Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce S2ORC, a large corpus of 81.1M English-language academic papers spanning many academic disciplines. The corpus consists of rich metadata, paper abstracts, resolved bibliographic references, as well as structured full text for 8.1M open access papers. Full text is annotated with automatically-detected inline mentions of citations, figures, and tables, each linked to their corresponding paper objects. In S2ORC, we aggregate papers from hundreds of academic publishers and digital archives into a unified source, and create the largest publicly-available collection of machine-readable academic text to date. We hope this resource will facilitate research and development of tools and tasks for text mining over academic text.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 4.
10 papers.
- 2022Galactica: A Large Language Model for Sciencecited by 744
- 2024Generative Representational Instruction Tuningcited by 233
- 2021Learning Rich Representation of Keyphrases from Textcited by 36
- 2023Enhancing Keyphrase Extraction from Long Scientific Documents using Graph Embeddingscited by 3
- 2026Lacuna: A Research Map for Machine Learningcited by 2
- 2025SCALAR: Scientific Citation-based Live Assessment of Long-context Academic Reasoningcited by 1
- 2023MasonNLP+ at SemEval-2023 Task 8: Extracting Medical Questions, Experiences and Claims from Social Media using Knowledge-Augmented Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Lit2Vec: A Reproducible Workflow for Building a Legally Screened Chemistry Corpus from S2ORC for Downstream Retrieval and Text Miningcited by 0
- 2026Attention Expansion: Enhancing Keyphrase Extraction from Long Documents with Attention-Augmented Contextualized Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Backdoor Learning in Language Models and Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Lacuna: A Research Map for Machine Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026Attention Expansion: Enhancing Keyphrase Extraction from Long Documents with Attention-Augmented Contextualized Embeddings9 Jun 2026
- 2026Backdoor Learning in Language Models and Vision-Language Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026Lit2Vec: A Reproducible Workflow for Building a Legally Screened Chemistry Corpus from S2ORC for Downstream Retrieval and Text Mining14 Apr 2026
- 2025SCALAR: Scientific Citation-based Live Assessment of Long-context Academic Reasoning19 Feb 2025
- 2024Generative Representational Instruction Tuning15 Feb 2024
- 2023Enhancing Keyphrase Extraction from Long Scientific Documents using Graph Embeddings16 May 2023
- 2023MasonNLP+ at SemEval-2023 Task 8: Extracting Medical Questions, Experiences and Claims from Social Media using Knowledge-Augmented Pre-trained Language Models26 Apr 2023
- 2022Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science16 Nov 2022
- 2021Learning Rich Representation of Keyphrases from Text16 Dec 2021