A Survey on Map-Matching Algorithms
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Abstract (arXiv)
The map-matching is an essential preprocessing step for most of the trajectory-based applications. Although it has been an active topic for more than two decades and, driven by the emerging applications, is still under development. There is a lack of categorisation of existing solutions recently and analysis for future research directions. In this paper, we review the current status of the map-matching problem and survey the existing algorithms. We propose a new categorisation of the solutions according to their map-matching models and working scenarios. In addition, we experimentally compare three representative methods from different categories to reveal how matching model affects the performance. Besides, the experiments are conducted on multiple real datasets with different settings to demonstrate the influence of other factors in map-matching problem, like the trajectory quality, data compression and matching latency.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 0; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Origin-Destination Travel Time Oracle for Map-based Servicescited by 20
- 2023Traffic Prediction using Artificial Intelligence: Review of Recent Advances and Emerging Opportunitiescited by 16
- 2025Blurred Encoding for Trajectory Representation Learningcited by 8
- 2024UVTM: Universal Vehicle Trajectory Modeling with ST Feature Domain Generationcited by 3
- 2024PTrajM: Efficient and Semantic-rich Trajectory Learning with Pretrained Trajectory-Mambacited by 3
- 2025RLOMM: An Efficient and Robust Online Map Matching Framework with Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2021Transformer-based Map Matching Model with Limited Ground-Truth Data using Transfer-Learning Approachcited by 2
- 2024NLP-enabled Trajectory Map-matching in Urban Road Networks using a Transformer-based Encoder-decodercited by 2
- 2024TrajLearn: Trajectory Prediction Learning using Deep Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2025Online Navigation Refinement: Achieving Lane-Level Guidance by Associating Standard-Definition and Online Perception Mapscited by 1
- 2025Zero-Shot Cellular Trajectory Map Matchingcited by 0
- 2025Rectify and Align GPS Points to Parking Spots via Rank-1 Constraintcited by 0
- 2026Reconstructing Movement from Sparse Samples: Enhanced Spatio-Temporal Matching Strategies for Low-Frequency Data10 Mar 2026
- 2025Blurred Encoding for Trajectory Representation Learning12 Nov 2025
- 2025Rectify and Align GPS Points to Parking Spots via Rank-1 Constraint15 Oct 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Cellular Trajectory Map Matching8 Aug 2025
- 2025Online Navigation Refinement: Achieving Lane-Level Guidance by Associating Standard-Definition and Online Perception Maps10 Jul 2025
- 2025RLOMM: An Efficient and Robust Online Map Matching Framework with Reinforcement Learning5 Feb 2025
- 2024TrajLearn: Trajectory Prediction Learning using Deep Generative Models30 Dec 2024
- 2024PTrajM: Efficient and Semantic-rich Trajectory Learning with Pretrained Trajectory-Mamba9 Aug 2024
- 2024NLP-enabled Trajectory Map-matching in Urban Road Networks using a Transformer-based Encoder-decoder18 Apr 2024
- 2024UVTM: Universal Vehicle Trajectory Modeling with ST Feature Domain Generation11 Feb 2024
- 2023Origin-Destination Travel Time Oracle for Map-based Services6 Jul 2023
- 2023Traffic Prediction using Artificial Intelligence: Review of Recent Advances and Emerging Opportunities31 May 2023
- 2023Origin-Destination Travel Time Oracle for Map-based Servicescited by 20
- 2023Traffic Prediction using Artificial Intelligence: Review of Recent Advances and Emerging Opportunitiescited by 16
- 2025Blurred Encoding for Trajectory Representation Learningcited by 8
- 2024UVTM: Universal Vehicle Trajectory Modeling with ST Feature Domain Generationcited by 3
- 2025RLOMM: An Efficient and Robust Online Map Matching Framework with Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2021Transformer-based Map Matching Model with Limited Ground-Truth Data using Transfer-Learning Approachcited by 2
- 2024NLP-enabled Trajectory Map-matching in Urban Road Networks using a Transformer-based Encoder-decodercited by 2
- 2024TrajLearn: Trajectory Prediction Learning using Deep Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2025Online Navigation Refinement: Achieving Lane-Level Guidance by Associating Standard-Definition and Online Perception Mapscited by 1
- 2025Zero-Shot Cellular Trajectory Map Matchingcited by 0
- 2025Rectify and Align GPS Points to Parking Spots via Rank-1 Constraintcited by 0
- 2026Reconstructing Movement from Sparse Samples: Enhanced Spatio-Temporal Matching Strategies for Low-Frequency Datacited by 0
- 2026Reconstructing Movement from Sparse Samples: Enhanced Spatio-Temporal Matching Strategies for Low-Frequency Data10 Mar 2026
- 2025Blurred Encoding for Trajectory Representation Learning12 Nov 2025
- 2025Rectify and Align GPS Points to Parking Spots via Rank-1 Constraint15 Oct 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Cellular Trajectory Map Matching8 Aug 2025
- 2025Online Navigation Refinement: Achieving Lane-Level Guidance by Associating Standard-Definition and Online Perception Maps10 Jul 2025
- 2025RLOMM: An Efficient and Robust Online Map Matching Framework with Reinforcement Learning5 Feb 2025
- 2024TrajLearn: Trajectory Prediction Learning using Deep Generative Models30 Dec 2024
- 2024NLP-enabled Trajectory Map-matching in Urban Road Networks using a Transformer-based Encoder-decoder18 Apr 2024
- 2024UVTM: Universal Vehicle Trajectory Modeling with ST Feature Domain Generation11 Feb 2024
- 2023Origin-Destination Travel Time Oracle for Map-based Services6 Jul 2023
- 2023Traffic Prediction using Artificial Intelligence: Review of Recent Advances and Emerging Opportunities31 May 2023
- 2021Transformer-based Map Matching Model with Limited Ground-Truth Data using Transfer-Learning Approach1 Aug 2021