Manticore: A User-Friendly Symbolic Execution Framework for Binaries and Smart Contracts
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Abstract (arXiv)
An effective way to maximize code coverage in software tests is through dynamic symbolic execution-a technique that uses constraint solving to systematically explore a program's state space. We introduce an open-source dynamic symbolic execution framework called Manticore for analyzing binaries and Ethereum smart contracts. Manticore's flexible architecture allows it to support both traditional and exotic execution environments, and its API allows users to customize their analysis. Here, we discuss Manticore's architecture and demonstrate the capabilities we have used to find bugs and verify the correctness of code for our commercial clients.
Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Jul 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 7; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.
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- 2023GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysiscited by 65
- 2023Large Language Model-Powered Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: New Perspectivescited by 48
- 2024Combining Fine-Tuning and LLM-based Agents for Intuitive Smart Contract Auditing with Justificationscited by 41
- 2024PropertyGPT: LLM-driven Formal Verification of Smart Contracts through Retrieval-Augmented Property Generationcited by 37
- 2023Blockchain Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2024Smart-LLaMA: Two-Stage Post-Training of Large Language Models for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection and Explanationcited by 8
- 2021Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contractscited by 7
- 2021ESCORT: Ethereum Smart COntRacTs Vulnerability Detection using Deep Neural Network and Transfer Learningcited by 4
- 2022MANDO: Multi-Level Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Fine-Grained Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilitiescited by 4
- 2025Prompt to Pwn: Automated Exploit Generation for Smart Contractscited by 4
- 2024Detecting Buggy Contracts via Smart Testingcited by 3
- 2025AiRacleX: Automated Detection of Price Oracle Manipulations via LLM-Driven Knowledge Mining and Prompt Generationcited by 3
25 more
- 2023Usenix'23 Extended Version: Smart Learning to Find Dumb Contractscited by 2
- 2024Vulnerability Detection in Ethereum Smart Contracts via Machine Learning: A Qualitative Analysiscited by 2
- 2024Detection Made Easy: Potentials of Large Language Models for Solidity Vulnerabilitiescited by 2
- 2025SymGPT: Auditing Smart Contracts via Combining Symbolic Execution with Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025SAEL: Leveraging Large Language Models with Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 2
- 2023SourceP: Detecting Ponzi Schemes on Ethereum with Source Codecited by 1
- 2025Securing Smart Contract Languages with a Unified Agentic Framework for Vulnerability Repair in Solidity and Movecited by 1
- 2025Legal Compliance Evaluation of Smart Contracts Generated By Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Web3 x AI Agents: Landscape, Integrations, and Foundational Challengescited by 1
- 2025Large Language Model based Smart Contract Auditing with LLMBugScannercited by 1
- 2025BugSweeper: Function-Level Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2026PACE: Policy-Attested Contract Execution for Safe AI Agents in Decentralized Financecited by 1
- 2021SINGA-Easy: An Easy-to-Use Framework for MultiModal Analysiscited by 0
- 2021VisualTextRank: Unsupervised Graph-based Content Extraction for Automating Ad Text to Image Searchcited by 0
- 2021Text is NOT Enough: Integrating Visual Impressions into Open-domain Dialogue Generationcited by 0
- 2022Discovering Personalized Semantics for Soft Attributes in Recommender Systems using Concept Activation Vectorscited by 0
- 2022Reinforced MOOCs Concept Recommendation in Heterogeneous Information Networkscited by 0
- 2022Explanation-Guided Fairness Testing through Genetic Algorithmcited by 0
- 2022Using Graph Neural Networks for Program Terminationcited by 0
- 2023Tribe or Not? Critical Inspection of Group Differences Using TribalGramcited by 0
- 2023Schooling to Exploit Foolish Contractscited by 0
- 2024Knowledge Migration Framework for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Multi-Agent Collaborative Fuzzing with Continuous Reflection for Smart Contracts Vulnerability Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Detection: Agentic Attack Synthesis and Simulation for Smart Contractscited by 0
- 2026SolBehave: Evaluating the Behavioural Correctness of LLM-Generated Smart Contractscited by 0
- 2026SolBehave: Evaluating the Behavioural Correctness of LLM-Generated Smart Contracts13 Oct 2026
- 2026PACE: Policy-Attested Contract Execution for Safe AI Agents in Decentralized Finance18 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Detection: Agentic Attack Synthesis and Simulation for Smart Contracts17 Jul 2026
- 2025BugSweeper: Function-Level Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities Using Graph Neural Networks10 Dec 2025
- 2025Large Language Model based Smart Contract Auditing with LLMBugScanner29 Nov 2025
- 2025Multi-Agent Collaborative Fuzzing with Continuous Reflection for Smart Contracts Vulnerability Detection15 Nov 2025
- 2025Web3 x AI Agents: Landscape, Integrations, and Foundational Challenges4 Aug 2025
- 2025Prompt to Pwn: Automated Exploit Generation for Smart Contracts2 Aug 2025
- 2025SAEL: Leveraging Large Language Models with Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection30 Jul 2025
- 2025Legal Compliance Evaluation of Smart Contracts Generated By Large Language Models1 Jun 2025
- 2025Securing Smart Contract Languages with a Unified Agentic Framework for Vulnerability Repair in Solidity and Move22 Feb 2025
- 2025SymGPT: Auditing Smart Contracts via Combining Symbolic Execution with Large Language Models11 Feb 2025
25 more
- 2025AiRacleX: Automated Detection of Price Oracle Manipulations via LLM-Driven Knowledge Mining and Prompt Generation10 Feb 2025
- 2024Knowledge Migration Framework for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection15 Dec 2024
- 2024Smart-LLaMA: Two-Stage Post-Training of Large Language Models for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection and Explanation9 Nov 2024
- 2024Detection Made Easy: Potentials of Large Language Models for Solidity Vulnerabilities15 Sep 2024
- 2024Detecting Buggy Contracts via Smart Testing6 Sep 2024
- 2024Vulnerability Detection in Ethereum Smart Contracts via Machine Learning: A Qualitative Analysis26 Jul 2024
- 2024PropertyGPT: LLM-driven Formal Verification of Smart Contracts through Retrieval-Augmented Property Generation4 May 2024
- 2024Combining Fine-Tuning and LLM-based Agents for Intuitive Smart Contract Auditing with Justifications24 Mar 2024
- 2023Large Language Model-Powered Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: New Perspectives2 Oct 2023
- 2023GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysis7 Aug 2023
- 2023SourceP: Detecting Ponzi Schemes on Ethereum with Source Code2 Jun 2023
- 2023Blockchain Large Language Models25 Apr 2023
- 2023Schooling to Exploit Foolish Contracts21 Apr 2023
- 2023Usenix'23 Extended Version: Smart Learning to Find Dumb Contracts21 Apr 2023
- 2023Tribe or Not? Critical Inspection of Group Differences Using TribalGram16 Mar 2023
- 2022MANDO: Multi-Level Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Fine-Grained Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities28 Aug 2022
- 2022Using Graph Neural Networks for Program Termination28 Jul 2022
- 2022Explanation-Guided Fairness Testing through Genetic Algorithm16 May 2022
- 2022Reinforced MOOCs Concept Recommendation in Heterogeneous Information Networks8 Mar 2022
- 2022Discovering Personalized Semantics for Soft Attributes in Recommender Systems using Concept Activation Vectors6 Feb 2022
- 2021Text is NOT Enough: Integrating Visual Impressions into Open-domain Dialogue Generation13 Sep 2021
- 2021VisualTextRank: Unsupervised Graph-based Content Extraction for Automating Ad Text to Image Search5 Aug 2021
- 2021SINGA-Easy: An Easy-to-Use Framework for MultiModal Analysis3 Aug 2021
- 2021ESCORT: Ethereum Smart COntRacTs Vulnerability Detection using Deep Neural Network and Transfer Learning23 Mar 2021
- 2021Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contracts7 Jan 2021
- 2024Combining Fine-Tuning and LLM-based Agents for Intuitive Smart Contract Auditing with Justificationscited by 41
- 2025Securing Smart Contract Languages with a Unified Agentic Framework for Vulnerability Repair in Solidity and Movecited by 1
- 2026PACE: Policy-Attested Contract Execution for Safe AI Agents in Decentralized Financecited by 1
- 2025Multi-Agent Collaborative Fuzzing with Continuous Reflection for Smart Contracts Vulnerability Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Detection: Agentic Attack Synthesis and Simulation for Smart Contractscited by 0
- 2026PACE: Policy-Attested Contract Execution for Safe AI Agents in Decentralized Finance18 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Detection: Agentic Attack Synthesis and Simulation for Smart Contracts17 Jul 2026
- 2025Multi-Agent Collaborative Fuzzing with Continuous Reflection for Smart Contracts Vulnerability Detection15 Nov 2025
- 2025Securing Smart Contract Languages with a Unified Agentic Framework for Vulnerability Repair in Solidity and Move22 Feb 2025
- 2024Combining Fine-Tuning and LLM-based Agents for Intuitive Smart Contract Auditing with Justifications24 Mar 2024
- 2023GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysiscited by 65
- 2023Large Language Model-Powered Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: New Perspectivescited by 48
- 2023Blockchain Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2024Smart-LLaMA: Two-Stage Post-Training of Large Language Models for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection and Explanationcited by 8
- 2021Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contractscited by 7
- 2021ESCORT: Ethereum Smart COntRacTs Vulnerability Detection using Deep Neural Network and Transfer Learningcited by 4
- 2022MANDO: Multi-Level Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Fine-Grained Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilitiescited by 4
- 2025Prompt to Pwn: Automated Exploit Generation for Smart Contractscited by 4
- 2024Detecting Buggy Contracts via Smart Testingcited by 3
- 2025AiRacleX: Automated Detection of Price Oracle Manipulations via LLM-Driven Knowledge Mining and Prompt Generationcited by 3
- 2023Usenix'23 Extended Version: Smart Learning to Find Dumb Contractscited by 2
- 2024Vulnerability Detection in Ethereum Smart Contracts via Machine Learning: A Qualitative Analysiscited by 2
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026SolBehave: Evaluating the Behavioural Correctness of LLM-Generated Smart Contracts13 Oct 2026
- 2025BugSweeper: Function-Level Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities Using Graph Neural Networks10 Dec 2025
- 2025Large Language Model based Smart Contract Auditing with LLMBugScanner29 Nov 2025
- 2025Web3 x AI Agents: Landscape, Integrations, and Foundational Challenges4 Aug 2025
- 2025Prompt to Pwn: Automated Exploit Generation for Smart Contracts2 Aug 2025
- 2025Legal Compliance Evaluation of Smart Contracts Generated By Large Language Models1 Jun 2025
- 2025SymGPT: Auditing Smart Contracts via Combining Symbolic Execution with Large Language Models11 Feb 2025
- 2025AiRacleX: Automated Detection of Price Oracle Manipulations via LLM-Driven Knowledge Mining and Prompt Generation10 Feb 2025
- 2024Knowledge Migration Framework for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection15 Dec 2024
- 2024Smart-LLaMA: Two-Stage Post-Training of Large Language Models for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection and Explanation9 Nov 2024
- 2024Detection Made Easy: Potentials of Large Language Models for Solidity Vulnerabilities15 Sep 2024
- 2024Detecting Buggy Contracts via Smart Testing6 Sep 2024
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)