A Model to Search for Synthesizable Molecules
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep generative models are able to suggest new organic molecules by generating strings, trees, and graphs representing their structure. While such models allow one to generate molecules with desirable properties, they give no guarantees that the molecules can actually be synthesized in practice. We propose a new molecule generation model, mirroring a more realistic real-world process, where (a) reactants are selected, and (b) combined to form more complex molecules. More specifically, our generative model proposes a bag of initial reactants (selected from a pool of commercially-available molecules) and uses a reaction model to predict how they react together to generate new molecules. We first show that the model can generate diverse, valid and unique molecules due to the useful inductive biases of modeling reactions. Furthermore, our model allows chemists to interrogate not only the properties of the generated molecules but also the feasibility of the synthesis routes. We conclude by using our model to solve retrosynthesis problems, predicting a set of reactants that can produce a target product.
Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 8; 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Large AI Models in Health Informatics: Applications, Challenges, and the Futurecited by 61
- 2021Improving black-box optimization in VAE latent space using decoder uncertaintycited by 51
- 2022Graph-based Molecular Representation Learningcited by 51
- 2021Amortized Tree Generation for Bottom-up Synthesis Planning and Synthesizable Molecular Designcited by 44
- 2024RGFN: Synthesizable Molecular Generation Using GFlowNetscited by 41
- 2021Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: Applications and Techniquescited by 28
- 2024SynFlowNet: Design of Diverse and Novel Molecules with Synthesis Constraintscited by 26
- 2024Double-Ended Synthesis Planning with Goal-Constrained Bidirectional Searchcited by 24
- 2022Graph Neural Networks for Moleculescited by 21
- 2024Generative Flows on Synthetic Pathway for Drug Designcited by 20
- 2022NVDiff: Graph Generation through the Diffusion of Node Vectorscited by 18
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence for Navigating Synthesizable Chemical Spacecited by 18
25 more
- 2023Retro-fallback: retrosynthetic planning in an uncertain worldcited by 16
- 2021Modern Hopfield Networks for Few- and Zero-Shot Reaction Template Predictioncited by 13
- 2022Molecule Generation for Drug Design: a Graph Learning Perspectivecited by 13
- 2025LLM-Augmented Chemical Synthesis and Design Decision Programscited by 13
- 2021GraphGen-Redux: a Fast and Lightweight Recurrent Model for labeled Graph Generationcited by 10
- 2021A generative model for molecule generation based on chemical reaction treescited by 6
- 2024Procedural Synthesis of Synthesizable Moleculescited by 6
- 2025Challenging reaction prediction models to generalize to novel chemistrycited by 6
- 2021Planning Spatial Networks with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 5
- 2022An efficient graph generative model for navigating ultra-large combinatorial synthesis librariescited by 5
- 2025SynCoGen: Synthesizable 3D Molecule Generation via Joint Reaction and Coordinate Modelingcited by 5
- 2023Bridging the Gap between Chemical Reaction Pretraining and Conditional Molecule Generation with a Unified Modelcited by 4
- 2024Implicitly Guided Design with PropEn: Match your Data to Follow the Gradientcited by 4
- 2025A Genetic Algorithm for Navigating Synthesizable Molecular Spacescited by 4
- 2022Knowledge-informed Molecular Learning: A Survey on Paradigm Transfercited by 3
- 2022Review of Natural Language Processing in Pharmacologycited by 3
- 2023RGCVAE: Relational Graph Conditioned Variational Autoencoder for Molecule Designcited by 3
- 2025Recent Developments in GNNs for Drug Discoverycited by 3
- 2026Polymer-Agent: Large Language Model Agent for Polymer Designcited by 3
- 2025Active Learning on Synthons for Molecular Designcited by 2
- 2021Operator Autoencoders: Learning Physical Operations on Encoded Molecular Graphscited by 1
- 2024From Theory to Therapy: Reframing SBDD Model Evaluation via Practical Metricscited by 1
- 2024Conditional Latent Space Molecular Scaffold Optimization for Accelerated Molecular Designcited by 1
- 2022Bayesian Sequential Stacking Algorithm for Concurrently Designing Molecules and Synthetic Reaction Networkscited by 0
- 2024AlphaCrystal-II: Distance matrix based crystal structure prediction using deep learningcited by 0
- 2026Polymer-Agent: Large Language Model Agent for Polymer Design23 Jan 2026
- 2025A Genetic Algorithm for Navigating Synthesizable Molecular Spaces25 Sep 2025
- 2025SynCoGen: Synthesizable 3D Molecule Generation via Joint Reaction and Coordinate Modeling16 Jul 2025
- 2025Recent Developments in GNNs for Drug Discovery2 Jun 2025
- 2025Active Learning on Synthons for Molecular Design19 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Augmented Chemical Synthesis and Design Decision Programs11 May 2025
- 2025Challenging reaction prediction models to generalize to novel chemistry11 Jan 2025
- 2024Conditional Latent Space Molecular Scaffold Optimization for Accelerated Molecular Design3 Nov 2024
- 2024Generative Flows on Synthetic Pathway for Drug Design6 Oct 2024
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence for Navigating Synthesizable Chemical Space4 Oct 2024
- 2024Procedural Synthesis of Synthesizable Molecules24 Aug 2024
- 2024Double-Ended Synthesis Planning with Goal-Constrained Bidirectional Search8 Jul 2024
25 more
- 2024From Theory to Therapy: Reframing SBDD Model Evaluation via Practical Metrics13 Jun 2024
- 2024RGFN: Synthesizable Molecular Generation Using GFlowNets1 Jun 2024
- 2024Implicitly Guided Design with PropEn: Match your Data to Follow the Gradient28 May 2024
- 2024SynFlowNet: Design of Diverse and Novel Molecules with Synthesis Constraints2 May 2024
- 2024AlphaCrystal-II: Distance matrix based crystal structure prediction using deep learning7 Apr 2024
- 2023Retro-fallback: retrosynthetic planning in an uncertain world13 Oct 2023
- 2023RGCVAE: Relational Graph Conditioned Variational Autoencoder for Molecule Design19 May 2023
- 2023Large AI Models in Health Informatics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future21 Mar 2023
- 2023Bridging the Gap between Chemical Reaction Pretraining and Conditional Molecule Generation with a Unified Model13 Mar 2023
- 2022NVDiff: Graph Generation through the Diffusion of Node Vectors19 Nov 2022
- 2022An efficient graph generative model for navigating ultra-large combinatorial synthesis libraries19 Oct 2022
- 2022Graph Neural Networks for Molecules12 Sep 2022
- 2022Review of Natural Language Processing in Pharmacology22 Aug 2022
- 2022Graph-based Molecular Representation Learning8 Jul 2022
- 2022Bayesian Sequential Stacking Algorithm for Concurrently Designing Molecules and Synthetic Reaction Networks1 Mar 2022
- 2022Molecule Generation for Drug Design: a Graph Learning Perspective18 Feb 2022
- 2022Knowledge-informed Molecular Learning: A Survey on Paradigm Transfer17 Feb 2022
- 2021Amortized Tree Generation for Bottom-up Synthesis Planning and Synthesizable Molecular Design12 Oct 2021
- 2021GraphGen-Redux: a Fast and Lightweight Recurrent Model for labeled Graph Generation18 Jul 2021
- 2021Improving black-box optimization in VAE latent space using decoder uncertainty30 Jun 2021
- 2021Planning Spatial Networks with Monte Carlo Tree Search12 Jun 2021
- 2021Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: Applications and Techniques9 Jun 2021
- 2021A generative model for molecule generation based on chemical reaction trees7 Jun 2021
- 2021Operator Autoencoders: Learning Physical Operations on Encoded Molecular Graphs26 May 2021
- 2021Modern Hopfield Networks for Few- and Zero-Shot Reaction Template Prediction7 Apr 2021
- 2023Large AI Models in Health Informatics: Applications, Challenges, and the Futurecited by 61
- 2021Improving black-box optimization in VAE latent space using decoder uncertaintycited by 51
- 2022Graph-based Molecular Representation Learningcited by 51
- 2021Amortized Tree Generation for Bottom-up Synthesis Planning and Synthesizable Molecular Designcited by 44
- 2024RGFN: Synthesizable Molecular Generation Using GFlowNetscited by 41
- 2021Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: Applications and Techniquescited by 28
- 2024SynFlowNet: Design of Diverse and Novel Molecules with Synthesis Constraintscited by 26
- 2024Double-Ended Synthesis Planning with Goal-Constrained Bidirectional Searchcited by 24
- 2022Graph Neural Networks for Moleculescited by 21
- 2024Generative Flows on Synthetic Pathway for Drug Designcited by 20
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence for Navigating Synthesizable Chemical Spacecited by 18
- 2023Retro-fallback: retrosynthetic planning in an uncertain worldcited by 16
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026Polymer-Agent: Large Language Model Agent for Polymer Design23 Jan 2026
- 2025A Genetic Algorithm for Navigating Synthesizable Molecular Spaces25 Sep 2025
- 2025SynCoGen: Synthesizable 3D Molecule Generation via Joint Reaction and Coordinate Modeling16 Jul 2025
- 2025Recent Developments in GNNs for Drug Discovery2 Jun 2025
- 2025Active Learning on Synthons for Molecular Design19 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Augmented Chemical Synthesis and Design Decision Programs11 May 2025
- 2025Challenging reaction prediction models to generalize to novel chemistry11 Jan 2025
- 2024Conditional Latent Space Molecular Scaffold Optimization for Accelerated Molecular Design3 Nov 2024
- 2024Generative Flows on Synthetic Pathway for Drug Design6 Oct 2024
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence for Navigating Synthesizable Chemical Space4 Oct 2024
- 2024Procedural Synthesis of Synthesizable Molecules24 Aug 2024
- 2024Double-Ended Synthesis Planning with Goal-Constrained Bidirectional Search8 Jul 2024
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)