mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

A Model to Search for Synthesizable Molecules

arXiv 1906.05221 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2019cs.LG physics.comp-ph stat.MLcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deep generative models are able to suggest new organic molecules by generating strings, trees, and graphs representing their structure. While such models allow one to generate molecules with desirable properties, they give no guarantees that the molecules can actually be synthesized in practice. We propose a new molecule generation model, mirroring a more realistic real-world process, where (a) reactants are selected, and (b) combined to form more complex molecules. More specifically, our generative model proposes a bag of initial reactants (selected from a pool of commercially-available molecules) and uses a reaction model to predict how they react together to generate new molecules. We first show that the model can generate diverse, valid and unique molecules due to the useful inductive biases of modeling reactions. Furthermore, our model allows chemists to interrogate not only the properties of the generated molecules but also the feasibility of the synthesis routes. We conclude by using our model to solve retrosynthesis problems, predicting a set of reactants that can produce a target product.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 8; 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.

37 papers.

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  1. 2023Large AI Models in Health Informatics: Applications, Challenges, and the Futurecited by 61
  2. 2021Improving black-box optimization in VAE latent space using decoder uncertaintycited by 51
  3. 2022Graph-based Molecular Representation Learningcited by 51
  4. 2021Amortized Tree Generation for Bottom-up Synthesis Planning and Synthesizable Molecular Designcited by 44
  5. 2024RGFN: Synthesizable Molecular Generation Using GFlowNetscited by 41
  6. 2021Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: Applications and Techniquescited by 28
  7. 2024SynFlowNet: Design of Diverse and Novel Molecules with Synthesis Constraintscited by 26
  8. 2024Double-Ended Synthesis Planning with Goal-Constrained Bidirectional Searchcited by 24
  9. 2022Graph Neural Networks for Moleculescited by 21
  10. 2024Generative Flows on Synthetic Pathway for Drug Designcited by 20
  11. 2022NVDiff: Graph Generation through the Diffusion of Node Vectorscited by 18
  12. 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence for Navigating Synthesizable Chemical Spacecited by 18
25 more
  1. 2023Retro-fallback: retrosynthetic planning in an uncertain worldcited by 16
  2. 2021Modern Hopfield Networks for Few- and Zero-Shot Reaction Template Predictioncited by 13
  3. 2022Molecule Generation for Drug Design: a Graph Learning Perspectivecited by 13
  4. 2025LLM-Augmented Chemical Synthesis and Design Decision Programscited by 13
  5. 2021GraphGen-Redux: a Fast and Lightweight Recurrent Model for labeled Graph Generationcited by 10
  6. 2021A generative model for molecule generation based on chemical reaction treescited by 6
  7. 2024Procedural Synthesis of Synthesizable Moleculescited by 6
  8. 2025Challenging reaction prediction models to generalize to novel chemistrycited by 6
  9. 2021Planning Spatial Networks with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 5
  10. 2022An efficient graph generative model for navigating ultra-large combinatorial synthesis librariescited by 5
  11. 2025SynCoGen: Synthesizable 3D Molecule Generation via Joint Reaction and Coordinate Modelingcited by 5
  12. 2023Bridging the Gap between Chemical Reaction Pretraining and Conditional Molecule Generation with a Unified Modelcited by 4
  13. 2024Implicitly Guided Design with PropEn: Match your Data to Follow the Gradientcited by 4
  14. 2025A Genetic Algorithm for Navigating Synthesizable Molecular Spacescited by 4
  15. 2022Knowledge-informed Molecular Learning: A Survey on Paradigm Transfercited by 3
  16. 2022Review of Natural Language Processing in Pharmacologycited by 3
  17. 2023RGCVAE: Relational Graph Conditioned Variational Autoencoder for Molecule Designcited by 3
  18. 2025Recent Developments in GNNs for Drug Discoverycited by 3
  19. 2026Polymer-Agent: Large Language Model Agent for Polymer Designcited by 3
  20. 2025Active Learning on Synthons for Molecular Designcited by 2
  21. 2021Operator Autoencoders: Learning Physical Operations on Encoded Molecular Graphscited by 1
  22. 2024From Theory to Therapy: Reframing SBDD Model Evaluation via Practical Metricscited by 1
  23. 2024Conditional Latent Space Molecular Scaffold Optimization for Accelerated Molecular Designcited by 1
  24. 2022Bayesian Sequential Stacking Algorithm for Concurrently Designing Molecules and Synthetic Reaction Networkscited by 0
  25. 2024AlphaCrystal-II: Distance matrix based crystal structure prediction using deep learningcited by 0