Speaker Anonymization Using X-vector and Neural Waveform Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
The social media revolution has produced a plethora of web services to which users can easily upload and share multimedia documents. Despite the popularity and convenience of such services, the sharing of such inherently personal data, including speech data, raises obvious security and privacy concerns. In particular, a user's speech data may be acquired and used with speech synthesis systems to produce high-quality speech utterances which reflect the same user's speaker identity. These utterances may then be used to attack speaker verification systems. One solution to mitigate these concerns involves the concealing of speaker identities before the sharing of speech data. For this purpose, we present a new approach to speaker anonymization. The idea is to extract linguistic and speaker identity features from an utterance and then to use these with neural acoustic and waveform models to synthesize anonymized speech. The original speaker identity, in the form of timbre, is suppressed and replaced with that of an anonymous pseudo identity. The approach exploits state-of-the-art x-vector speaker representations. These are used to derive anonymized pseudo speaker identities through the combination of multiple, random speaker x-vectors. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective in concealing speaker identities. It increases the equal error rate of a speaker verification system while maintaining high quality, anonymized speech.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
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- 2021The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge: Results and findingscited by 46
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 41
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2022 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 18
- 2022Differentially Private Speaker Anonymizationcited by 16
- 2024The Impact of Speech Anonymization on Pathology and Its Limitscited by 11
- 2022Are disentangled representations all you need to build speaker anonymization systems?cited by 10
- 2024Privacy versus Emotion Preservation Trade-offs in Emotion-Preserving Speaker Anonymizationcited by 10
- 2023Learning to Generate Text in Arbitrary Writing Stylescited by 9
- 2024Mitigating Unauthorized Speech Synthesis for Voice Protectioncited by 8
- 2023Can Authorship Attribution Models Distinguish Speakers in Speech Transcripts?cited by 7
- 2024A Benchmark for Multi-speaker Anonymizationcited by 7
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 6
29 more
- 2023Improving Accented Speech Recognition with Multi-Domain Trainingcited by 6
- 2025SafeSpeech: Robust and Universal Voice Protection Against Malicious Speech Synthesiscited by 6
- 2024Probing the Feasibility of Multilingual Speaker Anonymizationcited by 5
- 2024Analysis of Speech Temporal Dynamics in the Context of Speaker Verification and Voice Anonymizationcited by 5
- 2021On the invertibility of a voice privacy system using embedding alignementcited by 4
- 2025Exploiting Context-dependent Duration Features for Voice Anonymization Attack Systemscited by 3
- 2024Asynchronous Voice Anonymization Using Adversarial Perturbation On Speaker Embeddingcited by 2
- 2024Exploring VQ-VAE with Prosody Parameters for Speaker Anonymizationcited by 2
- 2025The Impact of Automatic Speech Transcription on Speaker Attributioncited by 2
- 2021Evaluating X-vector-based Speaker Anonymization under White-box Assessmentcited by 1
- 2022DeID-VC: Speaker De-identification via Zero-shot Pseudo Voice Conversioncited by 1
- 2023On the Impact of Voice Anonymization on Speech Diagnostic Applications: a Case Study on COVID-19 Detectioncited by 1
- 2023Evaluation of Speaker Anonymization on Emotional Speechcited by 1
- 2023Vocoder drift compensation by x-vector alignment in speaker anonymisationcited by 1
- 2023Defending Against Authorship Identification Attackscited by 1
- 2023Controllable Generation of Artificial Speaker Embeddings through Discovery of Principal Directionscited by 1
- 2024Speech After Gender: A Trans-Feminine Perspective on Next Steps for Speech Science and Technologycited by 1
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantizationcited by 1
- 2025Target speaker anonymization in multi-speaker recordingscited by 1
- 2026Anonymization, Not Elimination: Utility-Preserved Speech Anonymizationcited by 1
- 2021Preliminary study on using vector quantization latent spaces for TTS/VC systems with consistent performancecited by 0
- 2021Improving Security in McAdams Coefficient-Based Speaker Anonymization by Watermarking Methodcited by 0
- 2022Privacy-Utility Balanced Voice De-Identification Using Adversarial Examplescited by 0
- 2024Automatic Voice Identification after Speech Resynthesis using PPGcited by 0
- 2025Perceptual implications of automatic anonymization in pathological speechcited by 0
- 2026VocalBridge: Latent Diffusion-Bridge Purification for Defeating Perturbation-Based Voiceprint Defensescited by 0
- 2026DiffAnon: Diffusion-based Prosody Control for Voice Anonymizationcited by 0
- 2026InfoShield: Privacy-Preserving Speech Representations for Mental Health Screening via Information-Theoretic Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Child-Centric Voice Anonymization in Single and Multi-Speaker Speech via Domain-Adapted SSL Modelscited by 0
- 2026Child-Centric Voice Anonymization in Single and Multi-Speaker Speech via Domain-Adapted SSL Models29 Jun 2026
- 2026InfoShield: Privacy-Preserving Speech Representations for Mental Health Screening via Information-Theoretic Optimization4 Jun 2026
- 2026DiffAnon: Diffusion-based Prosody Control for Voice Anonymization29 Apr 2026
- 2026Anonymization, Not Elimination: Utility-Preserved Speech Anonymization18 Apr 2026
- 2026VocalBridge: Latent Diffusion-Bridge Purification for Defeating Perturbation-Based Voiceprint Defenses5 Jan 2026
- 2025Target speaker anonymization in multi-speaker recordings10 Oct 2025
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantization9 Aug 2025
- 2025Exploiting Context-dependent Duration Features for Voice Anonymization Attack Systems21 Jul 2025
- 2025The Impact of Automatic Speech Transcription on Speaker Attribution11 Jul 2025
- 2025Perceptual implications of automatic anonymization in pathological speech1 May 2025
- 2025SafeSpeech: Robust and Universal Voice Protection Against Malicious Speech Synthesis14 Apr 2025
- 2024Analysis of Speech Temporal Dynamics in the Context of Speaker Verification and Voice Anonymization22 Dec 2024
29 more
- 2024Mitigating Unauthorized Speech Synthesis for Voice Protection28 Oct 2024
- 2024Exploring VQ-VAE with Prosody Parameters for Speaker Anonymization24 Sep 2024
- 2024Privacy versus Emotion Preservation Trade-offs in Emotion-Preserving Speaker Anonymization5 Sep 2024
- 2024Automatic Voice Identification after Speech Resynthesis using PPG5 Aug 2024
- 2024Speech After Gender: A Trans-Feminine Perspective on Next Steps for Speech Science and Technology9 Jul 2024
- 2024A Benchmark for Multi-speaker Anonymization8 Jul 2024
- 2024Probing the Feasibility of Multilingual Speaker Anonymization3 Jul 2024
- 2024Asynchronous Voice Anonymization Using Adversarial Perturbation On Speaker Embedding12 Jun 2024
- 2024The Impact of Speech Anonymization on Pathology and Its Limits11 Apr 2024
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plan3 Apr 2024
- 2023Learning to Generate Text in Arbitrary Writing Styles28 Dec 2023
- 2023Can Authorship Attribution Models Distinguish Speakers in Speech Transcripts?13 Nov 2023
- 2023Controllable Generation of Artificial Speaker Embeddings through Discovery of Principal Directions26 Oct 2023
- 2023Defending Against Authorship Identification Attacks2 Oct 2023
- 2023Vocoder drift compensation by x-vector alignment in speaker anonymisation17 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluation of Speaker Anonymization on Emotional Speech15 Apr 2023
- 2023On the Impact of Voice Anonymization on Speech Diagnostic Applications: a Case Study on COVID-19 Detection5 Apr 2023
- 2023Improving Accented Speech Recognition with Multi-Domain Training14 Mar 2023
- 2022Privacy-Utility Balanced Voice De-Identification Using Adversarial Examples10 Nov 2022
- 2022DeID-VC: Speaker De-identification via Zero-shot Pseudo Voice Conversion9 Sep 2022
- 2022Are disentangled representations all you need to build speaker anonymization systems?22 Aug 2022
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge Evaluation Plan14 May 2022
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2022 Challenge Evaluation Plan23 Mar 2022
- 2022Differentially Private Speaker Anonymization23 Feb 2022
- 2021On the invertibility of a voice privacy system using embedding alignement8 Oct 2021
- 2021Evaluating X-vector-based Speaker Anonymization under White-box Assessment24 Sep 2021
- 2021The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge: Results and findings1 Sep 2021
- 2021Improving Security in McAdams Coefficient-Based Speaker Anonymization by Watermarking Method15 Jul 2021
- 2021Preliminary study on using vector quantization latent spaces for TTS/VC systems with consistent performance25 Jun 2021
- 2021The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge: Results and findingscited by 46
- 2024The VoicePrivacy 2024 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 41
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2022 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 18
- 2022Differentially Private Speaker Anonymizationcited by 16
- 2024The Impact of Speech Anonymization on Pathology and Its Limitscited by 11
- 2022Are disentangled representations all you need to build speaker anonymization systems?cited by 10
- 2024Privacy versus Emotion Preservation Trade-offs in Emotion-Preserving Speaker Anonymizationcited by 10
- 2023Learning to Generate Text in Arbitrary Writing Stylescited by 9
- 2024Mitigating Unauthorized Speech Synthesis for Voice Protectioncited by 8
- 2023Can Authorship Attribution Models Distinguish Speakers in Speech Transcripts?cited by 7
- 2024A Benchmark for Multi-speaker Anonymizationcited by 7
- 2022The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 6
12 most cited of 40 All 40 (JSON)
- 2026Child-Centric Voice Anonymization in Single and Multi-Speaker Speech via Domain-Adapted SSL Models29 Jun 2026
- 2026InfoShield: Privacy-Preserving Speech Representations for Mental Health Screening via Information-Theoretic Optimization4 Jun 2026
- 2026DiffAnon: Diffusion-based Prosody Control for Voice Anonymization29 Apr 2026
- 2026Anonymization, Not Elimination: Utility-Preserved Speech Anonymization18 Apr 2026
- 2025Target speaker anonymization in multi-speaker recordings10 Oct 2025
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantization9 Aug 2025
- 2025Exploiting Context-dependent Duration Features for Voice Anonymization Attack Systems21 Jul 2025
- 2025The Impact of Automatic Speech Transcription on Speaker Attribution11 Jul 2025
- 2025Perceptual implications of automatic anonymization in pathological speech1 May 2025
- 2025SafeSpeech: Robust and Universal Voice Protection Against Malicious Speech Synthesis14 Apr 2025
- 2024Analysis of Speech Temporal Dynamics in the Context of Speaker Verification and Voice Anonymization22 Dec 2024
- 2024Mitigating Unauthorized Speech Synthesis for Voice Protection28 Oct 2024
12 newest of 40 All 40 (JSON)