SEALion: a Framework for Neural Network Inference on Encrypted Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present SEALion: an extensible framework for privacy-preserving machine learning with homomorphic encryption. It allows one to learn deep neural networks that can be seamlessly utilized for prediction on encrypted data. The framework consists of two layers: the first is built upon TensorFlow and SEAL and exposes standard algebra and deep learning primitives; the second implements a Keras-like syntax for training and inference with neural networks. Given a required level of security, a user is abstracted from the details of the encoding and the encryption scheme, allowing quick prototyping. We present two applications that exemplifying the extensibility of our proposal, which are also of independent interest: i) improving efficiency of neural network inference by an activity sparsifier and ii) transfer learning by querying a server-side Variational AutoEncoder that can handle encrypted data.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
9 papers.
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning with Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Deep Neural Networkcited by 57
- 2022BlindFL: Vertical Federated Machine Learning without Peeking into Your Datacited by 36
- 2024HETAL: Efficient Privacy-preserving Transfer Learning with Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 12
- 2022Deploying Convolutional Networks on Untrusted Platforms Using 2D Holographic Reduced Representationscited by 7
- 2021Enabling Homomorphically Encrypted Inference for Large DNN Modelscited by 6
- 2026AgenTEE: Confidential LLM Agent Execution on Edge Devicescited by 2
- 2022Partially Oblivious Neural Network Inferencecited by 1
- 2023HE-MAN -- Homomorphically Encrypted MAchine learning with oNnx modelscited by 1
- 2025FastFHE: Packing-Scalable and Depthwise-Separable CNN Inference Over FHEcited by 0
- 2026AgenTEE: Confidential LLM Agent Execution on Edge Devices20 Apr 2026
- 2025FastFHE: Packing-Scalable and Depthwise-Separable CNN Inference Over FHE27 Nov 2025
- 2024HETAL: Efficient Privacy-preserving Transfer Learning with Homomorphic Encryption21 Mar 2024
- 2023HE-MAN -- Homomorphically Encrypted MAchine learning with oNnx models16 Feb 2023
- 2022Partially Oblivious Neural Network Inference27 Oct 2022
- 2022BlindFL: Vertical Federated Machine Learning without Peeking into Your Data16 Jun 2022
- 2022Deploying Convolutional Networks on Untrusted Platforms Using 2D Holographic Reduced Representations13 Jun 2022
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning with Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Deep Neural Network14 Jun 2021
- 2021Enabling Homomorphically Encrypted Inference for Large DNN Models30 Mar 2021