Real-time Intent Prediction of Pedestrians for Autonomous Ground Vehicles via Spatio-Temporal DenseNet
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Abstract (arXiv)
Understanding the behaviors and intentions of humans are one of the main challenges autonomous ground vehicles still faced with. More specifically, when it comes to complex environments such as urban traffic scenes, inferring the intentions and actions of vulnerable road users such as pedestrians become even harder. In this paper, we address the problem of intent action prediction of pedestrians in urban traffic environments using only image sequences from a monocular RGB camera. We propose a real-time framework that can accurately detect, track and predict the intended actions of pedestrians based on a tracking-by-detection technique in conjunction with a novel spatio-temporal DenseNet model. We trained and evaluated our framework based on real data collected from urban traffic environments. Our framework has shown resilient and competitive results in comparison to other baseline approaches. Overall, we achieved an average precision score of 84.76% with a real-time performance at 20 FPS.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 5; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Overview and Field Guide for Future Research Directionscited by 73
- 2021Predicting Pedestrian Crossing Intention with Feature Fusion and Spatio-Temporal Attentioncited by 48
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
- 2022PedFormer: Pedestrian Behavior Prediction via Cross-Modal Attention Modulation and Gated Multitask Learningcited by 23
- 2021Coupling Intent and Action for Pedestrian Crossing Behavior Predictioncited by 14
- 2021IntFormer: Predicting pedestrian intention with the aid of the Transformer architecturecited by 13
- 2021TrouSPI-Net: Spatio-temporal attention on parallel atrous convolutions and U-GRUs for skeletal pedestrian crossing predictioncited by 13
- 2022Assessing Cross-dataset Generalization of Pedestrian Crossing Predictorscited by 11
- 2023GPT-4V Takes the Wheel: Promises and Challenges for Pedestrian Behavior Predictioncited by 11
- 2024PIP-Net: Pedestrian Intention Prediction in the Wildcited by 11
- 2022Pedestrian Stop and Go Forecasting with Hybrid Feature Fusioncited by 5
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
16 more
- 2025Pedestrian Intention Prediction via Vision-Language Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2024GTransPDM: A Graph-embedded Transformer with Positional Decoupling for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Predictioncited by 4
- 2021Densely connected neural networks for nonlinear regressioncited by 3
- 2022WatchPed: Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction Using Embedded Sensors of Smartwatchcited by 3
- 2023Local and Global Contextual Features Fusion for Pedestrian Intention Predictioncited by 3
- 2023Temporal-Distributed Backdoor Attack Against Video Based Action Recognitioncited by 3
- 2025ACIT: Attention-Guided Cross-Modal Interaction Transformer for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Predictioncited by 3
- 2024Diving Deeper Into Pedestrian Behavior Understanding: Intention Estimation, Action Prediction, and Event Risk Assessmentcited by 2
- 2024Can Reasons Help Improve Pedestrian Intent Estimation? A Cross-Modal Approachcited by 2
- 2025TrajFusionNet: Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction via Fusion of Sequential and Visual Trajectory Representationscited by 2
- 2025Pedestrian Intention and Trajectory Prediction in Unstructured Traffic Using IDD-PeDcited by 1
- 2023Learning Trajectory-Conditioned Relations to Predict Pedestrian Crossing Behaviorcited by 0
- 2023MonoPIC -- A Monocular Low-Latency Pedestrian Intention Classification Framework for IoT Edges Using ID3 Modelled Decision Treescited by 0
- 2025Traffic-Aware Pedestrian Intention Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Unified Vision-Centric Pedestrian Crossing Action Prediction via Adaptive Patch Projection and Proactive Spatial Rectificationcited by 0
- 2026Pedestrian Crossing Intent Classification From Event-Based Vision Using Convolutional Spiking Neural Networks With Temporal Augmentationcited by 0
- 2026Pedestrian Crossing Intent Classification From Event-Based Vision Using Convolutional Spiking Neural Networks With Temporal Augmentation11 Sep 2026
- 2026Unified Vision-Centric Pedestrian Crossing Action Prediction via Adaptive Patch Projection and Proactive Spatial Rectification7 Sep 2026
- 2025ACIT: Attention-Guided Cross-Modal Interaction Transformer for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction25 Nov 2025
- 2025TrajFusionNet: Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction via Fusion of Sequential and Visual Trajectory Representations27 Aug 2025
- 2025Traffic-Aware Pedestrian Intention Prediction16 Jul 2025
- 2025Pedestrian Intention Prediction via Vision-Language Foundation Models5 Jul 2025
- 2025Pedestrian Intention and Trajectory Prediction in Unstructured Traffic Using IDD-PeD27 Jun 2025
- 2024Can Reasons Help Improve Pedestrian Intent Estimation? A Cross-Modal Approach20 Nov 2024
- 2024GTransPDM: A Graph-embedded Transformer with Positional Decoupling for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction30 Sep 2024
- 2024Diving Deeper Into Pedestrian Behavior Understanding: Intention Estimation, Action Prediction, and Event Risk Assessment29 Jun 2024
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Survey29 May 2024
- 2024PIP-Net: Pedestrian Intention Prediction in the Wild20 Feb 2024
16 more
- 2023GPT-4V Takes the Wheel: Promises and Challenges for Pedestrian Behavior Prediction24 Nov 2023
- 2023Temporal-Distributed Backdoor Attack Against Video Based Action Recognition21 Aug 2023
- 2023Local and Global Contextual Features Fusion for Pedestrian Intention Prediction1 May 2023
- 2023MonoPIC -- A Monocular Low-Latency Pedestrian Intention Classification Framework for IoT Edges Using ID3 Modelled Decision Trees1 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning Trajectory-Conditioned Relations to Predict Pedestrian Crossing Behavior14 Jan 2023
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Survey1 Nov 2022
- 2022PedFormer: Pedestrian Behavior Prediction via Cross-Modal Attention Modulation and Gated Multitask Learning14 Oct 2022
- 2022WatchPed: Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction Using Embedded Sensors of Smartwatch15 Aug 2022
- 2022Pedestrian Stop and Go Forecasting with Hybrid Feature Fusion4 Mar 2022
- 2022Assessing Cross-dataset Generalization of Pedestrian Crossing Predictors29 Jan 2022
- 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Overview and Field Guide for Future Research Directions21 Dec 2021
- 2021TrouSPI-Net: Spatio-temporal attention on parallel atrous convolutions and U-GRUs for skeletal pedestrian crossing prediction2 Sep 2021
- 2021Densely connected neural networks for nonlinear regression29 Jul 2021
- 2021IntFormer: Predicting pedestrian intention with the aid of the Transformer architecture18 May 2021
- 2021Coupling Intent and Action for Pedestrian Crossing Behavior Prediction10 May 2021
- 2021Predicting Pedestrian Crossing Intention with Feature Fusion and Spatio-Temporal Attention12 Apr 2021
- 2021Predicting Pedestrian Crossing Intention with Feature Fusion and Spatio-Temporal Attentioncited by 48
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
- 2022PedFormer: Pedestrian Behavior Prediction via Cross-Modal Attention Modulation and Gated Multitask Learningcited by 23
- 2021Coupling Intent and Action for Pedestrian Crossing Behavior Predictioncited by 14
- 2021IntFormer: Predicting pedestrian intention with the aid of the Transformer architecturecited by 13
- 2021TrouSPI-Net: Spatio-temporal attention on parallel atrous convolutions and U-GRUs for skeletal pedestrian crossing predictioncited by 13
- 2022Assessing Cross-dataset Generalization of Pedestrian Crossing Predictorscited by 11
- 2023GPT-4V Takes the Wheel: Promises and Challenges for Pedestrian Behavior Predictioncited by 11
- 2024PIP-Net: Pedestrian Intention Prediction in the Wildcited by 11
- 2022Pedestrian Stop and Go Forecasting with Hybrid Feature Fusioncited by 5
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2024GTransPDM: A Graph-embedded Transformer with Positional Decoupling for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Predictioncited by 4
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Pedestrian Crossing Intent Classification From Event-Based Vision Using Convolutional Spiking Neural Networks With Temporal Augmentation11 Sep 2026
- 2025ACIT: Attention-Guided Cross-Modal Interaction Transformer for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction25 Nov 2025
- 2025TrajFusionNet: Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction via Fusion of Sequential and Visual Trajectory Representations27 Aug 2025
- 2025Traffic-Aware Pedestrian Intention Prediction16 Jul 2025
- 2025Pedestrian Intention and Trajectory Prediction in Unstructured Traffic Using IDD-PeD27 Jun 2025
- 2024Can Reasons Help Improve Pedestrian Intent Estimation? A Cross-Modal Approach20 Nov 2024
- 2024GTransPDM: A Graph-embedded Transformer with Positional Decoupling for Pedestrian Crossing Intention Prediction30 Sep 2024
- 2024Diving Deeper Into Pedestrian Behavior Understanding: Intention Estimation, Action Prediction, and Event Risk Assessment29 Jun 2024
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Survey29 May 2024
- 2024PIP-Net: Pedestrian Intention Prediction in the Wild20 Feb 2024
- 2023GPT-4V Takes the Wheel: Promises and Challenges for Pedestrian Behavior Prediction24 Nov 2023
- 2023Temporal-Distributed Backdoor Attack Against Video Based Action Recognition21 Aug 2023
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)