Complexer-YOLO: Real-Time 3D Object Detection and Tracking on Semantic Point Clouds
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Abstract (arXiv)
Accurate detection of 3D objects is a fundamental problem in computer vision and has an enormous impact on autonomous cars, augmented/virtual reality and many applications in robotics. In this work we present a novel fusion of neural network based state-of-the-art 3D detector and visual semantic segmentation in the context of autonomous driving. Additionally, we introduce Scale-Rotation-Translation score (SRTs), a fast and highly parameterizable evaluation metric for comparison of object detections, which speeds up our inference time up to 20% and halves training time. On top, we apply state-of-the-art online multi target feature tracking on the object measurements to further increase accuracy and robustness utilizing temporal information. Our experiments on KITTI show that we achieve same results as state-of-the-art in all related categories, while maintaining the performance and accuracy trade-off and still run in real-time. Furthermore, our model is the first one that fuses visual semantic with 3D object detection.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 10; 2023: 10; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
35 papers.
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- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Not All Points Are Equal: Learning Highly Efficient Point-based Detectors for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 131
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2021PTT: Point-Track-Transformer Module for 3D Single Object Tracking in Point Cloudscited by 59
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 20213D-SiamRPN: An End-to-End Learning Method for Real-Time 3D Single Object Tracking Using Raw Point Cloudcited by 45
- 2023AutoFed: Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Multimodal Learning for Robust Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2022Real-time 3D Single Object Tracking with Transformercited by 27
- 2023OpenSight: A Simple Open-Vocabulary Framework for LiDAR-Based Object Detectioncited by 22
- 2021TrackMPNN: A Message Passing Graph Neural Architecture for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 2025SuperPC: A Single Diffusion Model for Point Cloud Completion, Upsampling, Denoising, and Colorizationcited by 20
- 2024DifFUSER: Diffusion Model for Robust Multi-Sensor Fusion in 3D Object Detection and BEV Segmentationcited by 18
23 more
- 2024MultiCorrupt: A Multi-Modal Robustness Dataset and Benchmark of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 17
- 2024Extend Your Own Correspondences: Unsupervised Distant Point Cloud Registration by Progressive Distance Extensioncited by 15
- 2022Object Detection in Autonomous Vehicles: Status and Open Challengescited by 14
- 2023Density-invariant Features for Distant Point Cloud Registrationcited by 11
- 2021Know Your Surroundings: Panoramic Multi-Object Tracking by Multimodality Collaborationcited by 8
- 2021Online Adaptation for Implicit Object Tracking and Shape Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 6
- 2022Sequential Point Clouds: A Surveycited by 5
- 20233D Multiple Object Tracking on Autonomous Driving: A Literature Reviewcited by 4
- 2022Survey and Systematization of 3D Object Detection Models and Methodscited by 3
- 2023Uncertainty-Aware AB3DMOT by Variational 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Privacy-preserving Pedestrian Tracking using Distributed 3D LiDARscited by 3
- 2025Rethinking Backbone Design for Lightweight 3D Object Detection in LiDARcited by 3
- 2022DetFlowTrack: 3D Multi-object Tracking based on Simultaneous Optimization of Object Detection and Scene Flow Estimationcited by 2
- 2023IC-FPS: Instance-Centroid Faster Point Sampling Module for 3D Point-base Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensorscited by 2
- 2026L3DR: 3D-aware LiDAR Diffusion and Rectificationcited by 2
- 2022Multi-level and multi-modal feature fusion for accurate 3D object detection in Connected and Automated Vehiclescited by 1
- 2023Spatialyze: A Geospatial Video Analytics System with Spatial-Aware Optimizationscited by 1
- 2022Automatic Bounding Box Annotation with Small Training Data Sets for Industrial Manufacturingcited by 0
- 2023Enabling the Evaluation of Driver Physiology Via Vehicle Dynamicscited by 0
- 2023Poster: Making Edge-assisted LiDAR Perceptions Robust to Lossy Point Cloud Compressioncited by 0
- 2024TrajectoryNAS: A Neural Architecture Search for Trajectory Predictioncited by 0
- 2024Optimizing Helmet Detection with Hybrid YOLO Pipelines: A Detailed Analysiscited by 0
- 2026L3DR: 3D-aware LiDAR Diffusion and Rectification22 Feb 2026
- 2025Rethinking Backbone Design for Lightweight 3D Object Detection in LiDAR1 Aug 2025
- 2025SuperPC: A Single Diffusion Model for Point Cloud Completion, Upsampling, Denoising, and Colorization18 Mar 2025
- 2024Optimizing Helmet Detection with Hybrid YOLO Pipelines: A Detailed Analysis27 Dec 2024
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensors2 May 2024
- 2024DifFUSER: Diffusion Model for Robust Multi-Sensor Fusion in 3D Object Detection and BEV Segmentation6 Apr 2024
- 2024TrajectoryNAS: A Neural Architecture Search for Trajectory Prediction18 Mar 2024
- 2024Extend Your Own Correspondences: Unsupervised Distant Point Cloud Registration by Progressive Distance Extension6 Mar 2024
- 2024MultiCorrupt: A Multi-Modal Robustness Dataset and Benchmark of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection18 Feb 2024
- 2023OpenSight: A Simple Open-Vocabulary Framework for LiDAR-Based Object Detection12 Dec 2023
- 20233D Multiple Object Tracking on Autonomous Driving: A Literature Review27 Sep 2023
- 2023Poster: Making Edge-assisted LiDAR Perceptions Robust to Lossy Point Cloud Compression8 Sep 2023
23 more
- 2023Enabling the Evaluation of Driver Physiology Via Vehicle Dynamics8 Sep 2023
- 2023Spatialyze: A Geospatial Video Analytics System with Spatial-Aware Optimizations7 Aug 2023
- 2023Density-invariant Features for Distant Point Cloud Registration19 Jul 2023
- 2023IC-FPS: Instance-Centroid Faster Point Sampling Module for 3D Point-base Object Detection31 Mar 2023
- 2023Privacy-preserving Pedestrian Tracking using Distributed 3D LiDARs17 Mar 2023
- 2023AutoFed: Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Multimodal Learning for Robust Autonomous Driving17 Feb 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-Aware AB3DMOT by Variational 3D Object Detection12 Feb 2023
- 2022Multi-level and multi-modal feature fusion for accurate 3D object detection in Connected and Automated Vehicles15 Dec 2022
- 2022Real-time 3D Single Object Tracking with Transformer2 Sep 2022
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey19 Jun 2022
- 2022Automatic Bounding Box Annotation with Small Training Data Sets for Industrial Manufacturing1 Jun 2022
- 2022Sequential Point Clouds: A Survey20 Apr 2022
- 2022Not All Points Are Equal: Learning Highly Efficient Point-based Detectors for 3D LiDAR Point Clouds21 Mar 2022
- 2022DetFlowTrack: 3D Multi-object Tracking based on Simultaneous Optimization of Object Detection and Scene Flow Estimation4 Mar 2022
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Survey6 Feb 2022
- 2022Survey and Systematization of 3D Object Detection Models and Methods23 Jan 2022
- 2022Object Detection in Autonomous Vehicles: Status and Open Challenges19 Jan 2022
- 2021Online Adaptation for Implicit Object Tracking and Shape Reconstruction in the Wild24 Nov 2021
- 2021PTT: Point-Track-Transformer Module for 3D Single Object Tracking in Point Clouds14 Aug 2021
- 20213D-SiamRPN: An End-to-End Learning Method for Real-Time 3D Single Object Tracking Using Raw Point Cloud12 Aug 2021
- 2021Know Your Surroundings: Panoramic Multi-Object Tracking by Multimodality Collaboration31 May 2021
- 2021TrackMPNN: A Message Passing Graph Neural Architecture for Multi-Object Tracking11 Jan 2021
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Survey2 Jan 2021
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Not All Points Are Equal: Learning Highly Efficient Point-based Detectors for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 131
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2021PTT: Point-Track-Transformer Module for 3D Single Object Tracking in Point Cloudscited by 59
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 20213D-SiamRPN: An End-to-End Learning Method for Real-Time 3D Single Object Tracking Using Raw Point Cloudcited by 45
- 2023AutoFed: Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Multimodal Learning for Robust Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2022Real-time 3D Single Object Tracking with Transformercited by 27
- 2023OpenSight: A Simple Open-Vocabulary Framework for LiDAR-Based Object Detectioncited by 22
- 2021TrackMPNN: A Message Passing Graph Neural Architecture for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 2024MultiCorrupt: A Multi-Modal Robustness Dataset and Benchmark of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 17
- 2024Extend Your Own Correspondences: Unsupervised Distant Point Cloud Registration by Progressive Distance Extensioncited by 15
12 most cited of 32 All 32 (JSON)
- 2025Rethinking Backbone Design for Lightweight 3D Object Detection in LiDAR1 Aug 2025
- 2024Optimizing Helmet Detection with Hybrid YOLO Pipelines: A Detailed Analysis27 Dec 2024
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensors2 May 2024
- 2024TrajectoryNAS: A Neural Architecture Search for Trajectory Prediction18 Mar 2024
- 2024Extend Your Own Correspondences: Unsupervised Distant Point Cloud Registration by Progressive Distance Extension6 Mar 2024
- 2024MultiCorrupt: A Multi-Modal Robustness Dataset and Benchmark of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection18 Feb 2024
- 2023OpenSight: A Simple Open-Vocabulary Framework for LiDAR-Based Object Detection12 Dec 2023
- 20233D Multiple Object Tracking on Autonomous Driving: A Literature Review27 Sep 2023
- 2023Poster: Making Edge-assisted LiDAR Perceptions Robust to Lossy Point Cloud Compression8 Sep 2023
- 2023Enabling the Evaluation of Driver Physiology Via Vehicle Dynamics8 Sep 2023
- 2023Spatialyze: A Geospatial Video Analytics System with Spatial-Aware Optimizations7 Aug 2023
- 2023Density-invariant Features for Distant Point Cloud Registration19 Jul 2023
12 newest of 32 All 32 (JSON)