ner and pos when nothing is capitalized
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Abstract (arXiv)
For those languages which use it, capitalization is an important signal for the fundamental NLP tasks of Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Part of Speech (POS) tagging. In fact, it is such a strong signal that model performance on these tasks drops sharply in common lowercased scenarios, such as noisy web text or machine translation outputs. In this work, we perform a systematic analysis of solutions to this problem, modifying only the casing of the train or test data using lowercasing and truecasing methods. While prior work and first impressions might suggest training a caseless model, or using a truecaser at test time, we show that the most effective strategy is a concatenation of cased and lowercased training data, producing a single model with high performance on both cased and uncased text. As shown in our experiments, this result holds across tasks and input representations. Finally, we show that our proposed solution gives an 8% F1 improvement in mention detection on noisy out-of-domain Twitter data.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 5; 2023: 3; 2024: 1; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
15 papers.
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- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 38
- 2021Context-aware Adversarial Training for Name Regularity Bias in Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022MultiCoNER: A Large-scale Multilingual dataset for Complex Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
- 2023SemEval-2023 Task 2: Fine-grained Multilingual Named Entity Recognition (MultiCoNER 2)cited by 17
- 2021Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Surveycited by 12
- 2023ACLM: A Selective-Denoising based Generative Data Augmentation Approach for Low-Resource Complex NERcited by 9
- 2022An Effective, Performant Named Entity Recognition System for Noisy Business Telephone Conversation Transcriptscited by 7
- 2022Improving Named Entity Recognition in Telephone Conversations via Effective Active Learning with Human in the Loopcited by 7
- 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer from Related Languages: Treating Low-Resource Maltese as Multilingual Code-Switchingcited by 5
- 2021Re-Evaluating GermEval17 Using German Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 2
- 2021Automatic Construction of Enterprise Knowledge Basecited by 2
- 2022UM6P-CS at SemEval-2022 Task 11: Enhancing Multilingual and Code-Mixed Complex Named Entity Recognition via Pseudo Labels using Multilingual Transformercited by 2
- 2026Towards a Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation Methodology for Sequence Labeling Tasks13 Feb 2026
- 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer from Related Languages: Treating Low-Resource Maltese as Multilingual Code-Switching30 Jan 2024
- 2023MultiCoNER v2: a Large Multilingual dataset for Fine-grained and Noisy Named Entity Recognition20 Oct 2023
- 2023ACLM: A Selective-Denoising based Generative Data Augmentation Approach for Low-Resource Complex NER1 Jun 2023
- 2023SemEval-2023 Task 2: Fine-grained Multilingual Named Entity Recognition (MultiCoNER 2)11 May 2023
- 2022Improving Named Entity Recognition in Telephone Conversations via Effective Active Learning with Human in the Loop2 Nov 2022
- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognition22 Oct 2022
- 2022An Effective, Performant Named Entity Recognition System for Noisy Business Telephone Conversation Transcripts27 Sep 2022
- 2022MultiCoNER: A Large-scale Multilingual dataset for Complex Named Entity Recognition30 Aug 2022
- 2022UM6P-CS at SemEval-2022 Task 11: Enhancing Multilingual and Code-Mixed Complex Named Entity Recognition via Pseudo Labels using Multilingual Transformer28 Apr 2022
- 2021Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Survey21 Nov 2021
- 2021reproducing "ner and pos when nothing is capitalized"17 Sep 2021
3 more
- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 38
- 2021Context-aware Adversarial Training for Name Regularity Bias in Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022MultiCoNER: A Large-scale Multilingual dataset for Complex Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
- 2023SemEval-2023 Task 2: Fine-grained Multilingual Named Entity Recognition (MultiCoNER 2)cited by 17
- 2021Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Surveycited by 12
- 2023ACLM: A Selective-Denoising based Generative Data Augmentation Approach for Low-Resource Complex NERcited by 9
- 2022An Effective, Performant Named Entity Recognition System for Noisy Business Telephone Conversation Transcriptscited by 7
- 2022Improving Named Entity Recognition in Telephone Conversations via Effective Active Learning with Human in the Loopcited by 7
- 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer from Related Languages: Treating Low-Resource Maltese as Multilingual Code-Switchingcited by 5
- 2021Re-Evaluating GermEval17 Using German Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 2
- 2021Automatic Construction of Enterprise Knowledge Basecited by 2
- 2022UM6P-CS at SemEval-2022 Task 11: Enhancing Multilingual and Code-Mixed Complex Named Entity Recognition via Pseudo Labels using Multilingual Transformercited by 2
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Towards a Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation Methodology for Sequence Labeling Tasks13 Feb 2026
- 2024Cross-Lingual Transfer from Related Languages: Treating Low-Resource Maltese as Multilingual Code-Switching30 Jan 2024
- 2023MultiCoNER v2: a Large Multilingual dataset for Fine-grained and Noisy Named Entity Recognition20 Oct 2023
- 2023ACLM: A Selective-Denoising based Generative Data Augmentation Approach for Low-Resource Complex NER1 Jun 2023
- 2023SemEval-2023 Task 2: Fine-grained Multilingual Named Entity Recognition (MultiCoNER 2)11 May 2023
- 2022Improving Named Entity Recognition in Telephone Conversations via Effective Active Learning with Human in the Loop2 Nov 2022
- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognition22 Oct 2022
- 2022An Effective, Performant Named Entity Recognition System for Noisy Business Telephone Conversation Transcripts27 Sep 2022
- 2022MultiCoNER: A Large-scale Multilingual dataset for Complex Named Entity Recognition30 Aug 2022
- 2022UM6P-CS at SemEval-2022 Task 11: Enhancing Multilingual and Code-Mixed Complex Named Entity Recognition via Pseudo Labels using Multilingual Transformer28 Apr 2022
- 2021Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Survey21 Nov 2021
- 2021reproducing "ner and pos when nothing is capitalized"17 Sep 2021
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)