BLVD: Building A Large-scale 5D Semantics Benchmark for Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
In autonomous driving community, numerous benchmarks have been established to assist the tasks of 3D/2D object detection, stereo vision, semantic/instance segmentation. However, the more meaningful dynamic evolution of the surrounding objects of ego-vehicle is rarely exploited, and lacks a large-scale dataset platform. To address this, we introduce BLVD, a large-scale 5D semantics benchmark which does not concentrate on the static detection or semantic/instance segmentation tasks tackled adequately before. Instead, BLVD aims to provide a platform for the tasks of dynamic 4D (3D+temporal) tracking, 5D (4D+interactive) interactive event recognition and intention prediction. This benchmark will boost the deeper understanding of traffic scenes than ever before. We totally yield 249,129 3D annotations, 4,902 independent individuals for tracking with the length of overall 214,922 points, 6,004 valid fragments for 5D interactive event recognition, and 4,900 individuals for 5D intention prediction. These tasks are contained in four kinds of scenarios depending on the object density (low and high) and light conditions (daytime and nighttime). The benchmark can be downloaded from our project site https://github.com/VCCIV/BLVD/.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
13 papers.
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- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
- 2022PCGen: Point Cloud Generator for LiDAR Simulationcited by 20
- 2023Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Pedestrian-Vehicle Mixed Environments: A Systematic Reviewcited by 18
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
- 2023Staged Contact-Aware Global Human Motion Forecastingcited by 6
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metricscited by 4
- 2021A Driving Behavior Recognition Model with Bi-LSTM and Multi-Scale CNNcited by 2
- 2025All You Need for Object Detection: From Pixels, Points, and Prompts to Next-Gen Fusion and Multimodal LLMs/VLMs in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
- 2023An End-to-End Vehicle Trajcetory Prediction Frameworkcited by 0
- 2024Vehicle Behavior Prediction by Episodic-Memory Implanted NDTcited by 0
1 more
- 2025All You Need for Object Detection: From Pixels, Points, and Prompts to Next-Gen Fusion and Multimodal LLMs/VLMs in Autonomous Vehicles30 Oct 2025
- 2025EMT: A Visual Multi-Task Benchmark Dataset for Autonomous Driving26 Feb 2025
- 2024Vehicle Behavior Prediction by Episodic-Memory Implanted NDT13 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlook2 Jan 2024
- 2023Staged Contact-Aware Global Human Motion Forecasting16 Sep 2023
- 2023Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Pedestrian-Vehicle Mixed Environments: A Systematic Review11 Aug 2023
- 2023An End-to-End Vehicle Trajcetory Prediction Framework19 Apr 2023
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Services13 Apr 2023
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metrics8 Mar 2023
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Survey1 Nov 2022
- 2022PCGen: Point Cloud Generator for LiDAR Simulation17 Oct 2022
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Survey6 Feb 2022
1 more
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
- 2022PCGen: Point Cloud Generator for LiDAR Simulationcited by 20
- 2023Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Pedestrian-Vehicle Mixed Environments: A Systematic Reviewcited by 18
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
- 2023Staged Contact-Aware Global Human Motion Forecastingcited by 6
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metricscited by 4
- 2021A Driving Behavior Recognition Model with Bi-LSTM and Multi-Scale CNNcited by 2
- 2023An End-to-End Vehicle Trajcetory Prediction Frameworkcited by 0
- 2024Vehicle Behavior Prediction by Episodic-Memory Implanted NDTcited by 0
- 2025EMT: A Visual Multi-Task Benchmark Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2025EMT: A Visual Multi-Task Benchmark Dataset for Autonomous Driving26 Feb 2025
- 2024Vehicle Behavior Prediction by Episodic-Memory Implanted NDT13 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlook2 Jan 2024
- 2023Staged Contact-Aware Global Human Motion Forecasting16 Sep 2023
- 2023Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Pedestrian-Vehicle Mixed Environments: A Systematic Review11 Aug 2023
- 2023An End-to-End Vehicle Trajcetory Prediction Framework19 Apr 2023
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Services13 Apr 2023
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metrics8 Mar 2023
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Survey1 Nov 2022
- 2022PCGen: Point Cloud Generator for LiDAR Simulation17 Oct 2022
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Survey6 Feb 2022
- 2021A Driving Behavior Recognition Model with Bi-LSTM and Multi-Scale CNN1 Mar 2021