Language Model Pre-training for Hierarchical Document Representations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Hierarchical neural architectures are often used to capture long-distance dependencies and have been applied to many document-level tasks such as summarization, document segmentation, and sentiment analysis. However, effective usage of such a large context can be difficult to learn, especially in the case where there is limited labeled data available. Building on the recent success of language model pretraining methods for learning flat representations of text, we propose algorithms for pre-training hierarchical document representations from unlabeled data. Unlike prior work, which has focused on pre-training contextual token representations or context-independent {sentence/paragraph} representations, our hierarchical document representations include fixed-length sentence/paragraph representations which integrate contextual information from the entire documents. Experiments on document segmentation, document-level question answering, and extractive document summarization demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed pre-training algorithms.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Jan 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 0; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
7 papers.
- 2021ReadTwice: Reading Very Large Documents with Memoriescited by 14
- 2021Iterative Hierarchical Attention for Answering Complex Questions over Long Documentscited by 10
- 2022Pre-training Transformer Models with Sentence-Level Objectives for Answer Sentence Selectioncited by 9
- 2022Hierarchical Neural Network Approaches for Long Document Classificationcited by 7
- 2023Segmenting Messy Text: Detecting Boundaries in Text Derived from Historical Newspaper Imagescited by 0
- 2025Word Embedding Techniques for Classification of Star Ratingscited by 0
- 2026Enhancing Science Classroom Discourse Analysis through Joint Multi-Task Learning for Reasoning-Component Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Enhancing Science Classroom Discourse Analysis through Joint Multi-Task Learning for Reasoning-Component Classification22 Apr 2026
- 2025Word Embedding Techniques for Classification of Star Ratings18 Apr 2025
- 2023Segmenting Messy Text: Detecting Boundaries in Text Derived from Historical Newspaper Images20 Dec 2023
- 2022Pre-training Transformer Models with Sentence-Level Objectives for Answer Sentence Selection20 May 2022
- 2022Hierarchical Neural Network Approaches for Long Document Classification18 Jan 2022
- 2021Iterative Hierarchical Attention for Answering Complex Questions over Long Documents1 Jun 2021
- 2021ReadTwice: Reading Very Large Documents with Memories10 May 2021