Image Super-Resolution as a Defense Against Adversarial Attacks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved significant success across multiple computer vision tasks. However, they are vulnerable to carefully crafted, human-imperceptible adversarial noise patterns which constrain their deployment in critical security-sensitive systems. This paper proposes a computationally efficient image enhancement approach that provides a strong defense mechanism to effectively mitigate the effect of such adversarial perturbations. We show that deep image restoration networks learn mapping functions that can bring off-the-manifold adversarial samples onto the natural image manifold, thus restoring classification towards correct classes. A distinguishing feature of our approach is that, in addition to providing robustness against attacks, it simultaneously enhances image quality and retains models performance on clean images. Furthermore, the proposed method does not modify the classifier or requires a separate mechanism to detect adversarial images. The effectiveness of the scheme has been demonstrated through extensive experiments, where it has proven a strong defense in gray-box settings. The proposed scheme is simple and has the following advantages: (1) it does not require any model training or parameter optimization, (2) it complements other existing defense mechanisms, (3) it is agnostic to the attacked model and attack type and (4) it provides superior performance across all popular attack algorithms. Our codes are publicly available at https://github.com/aamir-mustafa/super-resolution-adversarial-defense.
Key facts. Cited by 64 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Jan 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 11; 2023: 15; 2024: 8; 2025: 14; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Adversarial Example Does Good: Preventing Painting Imitation from Diffusion Models via Adversarial Examplescited by 163
- 2023Diffusion Models for Imperceptible and Transferable Adversarial Attackcited by 93
- 2021Adversarial Example Detection for DNN Models: A Review and Experimental Comparisoncited by 51
- 2021Poison Ink: Robust and Invisible Backdoor Attackcited by 50
- 2022Towards Robust Rain Removal Against Adversarial Attacks: A Comprehensive Benchmark Analysis and Beyondcited by 48
- 2023Adversarial Prompt Tuning for Vision-Language Modelscited by 42
- 2023MetaCloak: Preventing Unauthorized Subject-driven Text-to-image Diffusion-based Synthesis via Meta-learningcited by 42
- 2022On the Real-World Adversarial Robustness of Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2023PAIF: Perception-Aware Infrared-Visible Image Fusion for Attack-Tolerant Semantic Segmentationcited by 26
- 2022Fast Adversarial Training with Adaptive Step Sizecited by 24
- 2023Targeted Attack Improves Protection against Unauthorized Diffusion Customizationcited by 18
- 2021MagDR: Mask-guided Detection and Reconstruction for Defending Deepfakescited by 17
38 more
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 14
- 2023Projected Randomized Smoothing for Certified Adversarial Robustnesscited by 11
- 2021Revisiting Model's Uncertainty and Confidences for Adversarial Example Detectioncited by 9
- 2021Fast Gradient Non-sign Methodscited by 9
- 2022Defending Person Detection Against Adversarial Patch Attack by using Universal Defensive Framecited by 9
- 2021RAILS: A Robust Adversarial Immune-inspired Learning Systemcited by 8
- 2025StyleGuard: Preventing Text-to-Image-Model-based Style Mimicry Attacks by Style Perturbationscited by 7
- 2022Self-recoverable Adversarial Examples: A New Effective Protection Mechanism in Social Networkscited by 6
- 2025VideoPure: Diffusion-based Adversarial Purification for Video Recognitioncited by 5
- 2025BlurGuard: A Simple Approach for Robustifying Image Protection Against AI-Powered Editingcited by 5
- 2022General Adversarial Defense Against Black-box Attacks via Pixel Level and Feature Level Distribution Alignmentscited by 4
- 2021Query Attack by Multi-Identity Surrogatescited by 3
- 2021Delving into Deep Image Prior for Adversarial Defense: A Novel Reconstruction-based Defense Frameworkcited by 3
- 2023Fooling the Image Dehazing Models by First Order Gradientcited by 3
- 2023Rethinking Randomized Smoothing from the Perspective of Scalabilitycited by 3
- 2024BridgePure: Limited Protection Leakage Can Break Black-Box Data Protectioncited by 3
- 2025ScoreAdv: Score-based Targeted Generation of Natural Adversarial Examples via Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2021Super-Efficient Super Resolution for Fast Adversarial Defense at the Edgecited by 2
- 2022An Eye for an Eye: Defending against Gradient-based Attacks with Gradientscited by 2
- 2022Data-free Defense of Black Box Models Against Adversarial Attackscited by 2
- 2023DiffDefense: Defending against Adversarial Attacks via Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2024Rethinking the Threat and Accessibility of Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systemscited by 2
- 2024Webcam-based Pupil Diameter Prediction Benefits from Upscalingcited by 2
- 2024Detecting Adversarial Examplescited by 2
- 2025Universal and Efficient Detection of Adversarial Data through Nonuniform Impact on Network Layerscited by 2
- 2025An h-space Based Adversarial Attack for Protection Against Few-shot Personalizationcited by 2
- 2022Reversing Skin Cancer Adversarial Examples by Multiscale Diffusive and Denoising Aggregation Mechanismcited by 1
- 2025Quaternion-Hadamard Network: A Novel Defense Against Adversarial Attacks with a New Datasetcited by 1
- 2025Fighting Fire with Fire (F3): A Training-free and Efficient Visual Adversarial Example Purification Method in LVLMscited by 1
- 2025Trans-defense: Transformer-based Denoiser for Adversarial Defense with Spatial-Frequency Domain Representationcited by 1
- 2021NCIS: Neural Contextual Iterative Smoothing for Purifying Adversarial Perturbationscited by 0
- 2021Game Theory for Adversarial Attacks and Defensescited by 0
- 2021Adversarial Purification through Representation Disentanglementcited by 0
- 2021Fight Perturbations with Perturbations: Defending Adversarial Attacks via Neuron Influencecited by 0
- 2022A Perturbation Resistant Transformation and Classification System for Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2022PrivacyProber: Assessment and Detection of Soft-Biometric Privacy-Enhancing Techniquescited by 0
- 2023Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Controls of Machine Learning Based Systems: A Survey and Taxonomycited by 0
- 2023DAD++: Improved Data-free Test Time Adversarial Defensecited by 0
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026FeatMark: Feature-level Watermark Protection against Mimicry Attacks with Diffusion Models25 Sep 2026
- 2026Do Input-Level Defenses Transfer to Observation-Level Attacks on VideoLLMs?8 Sep 2026
- 2026Fast Preemptive Robustification: High-Frequency Response Anti-Aligns Shared Vulnerability26 Mar 2026
- 2025Deep learning models are vulnerable, but adversarial examples are even more vulnerable7 Nov 2025
- 2025BlurGuard: A Simple Approach for Robustifying Image Protection Against AI-Powered Editing31 Oct 2025
- 2025Trans-defense: Transformer-based Denoiser for Adversarial Defense with Spatial-Frequency Domain Representation31 Oct 2025
- 2025Improving Adversarial Robustness Through Adaptive Learning-Driven Multi-Teacher Knowledge Distillation28 Jul 2025
- 2025An h-space Based Adversarial Attack for Protection Against Few-shot Personalization23 Jul 2025
- 2025ScoreAdv: Score-based Targeted Generation of Natural Adversarial Examples via Diffusion Models8 Jul 2025
- 2025Universal and Efficient Detection of Adversarial Data through Nonuniform Impact on Network Layers25 Jun 2025
- 2025Fighting Fire with Fire (F3): A Training-free and Efficient Visual Adversarial Example Purification Method in LVLMs1 Jun 2025
- 2025StyleGuard: Preventing Text-to-Image-Model-based Style Mimicry Attacks by Style Perturbations24 May 2025
38 more
- 2025SuperPure: Efficient Purification of Localized and Distributed Adversarial Patches via Super-Resolution GAN Models22 May 2025
- 2025DP-TRAE: A Dual-Phase Merging Transferable Reversible Adversarial Example for Image Privacy Protection11 May 2025
- 2025Leveraging Generalizability of Image-to-Image Translation for Enhanced Adversarial Defense2 Apr 2025
- 2025Quaternion-Hadamard Network: A Novel Defense Against Adversarial Attacks with a New Dataset12 Feb 2025
- 2025VideoPure: Diffusion-based Adversarial Purification for Video Recognition25 Jan 2025
- 2024BridgePure: Limited Protection Leakage Can Break Black-Box Data Protection30 Dec 2024
- 2024Detecting Adversarial Examples22 Oct 2024
- 2024Unrevealed Threats: A Comprehensive Study of the Adversarial Robustness of Underwater Image Enhancement Models10 Sep 2024
- 2024Webcam-based Pupil Diameter Prediction Benefits from Upscaling19 Aug 2024
- 2024Rethinking the Threat and Accessibility of Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systems11 Jul 2024
- 2024PuFace: Defending against Facial Cloaking Attacks for Facial Recognition Models4 Jun 2024
- 2024Versatile Defense Against Adversarial Attacks on Image Recognition13 Mar 2024
- 2024Adversarial Purification and Fine-tuning for Robust UDC Image Restoration21 Feb 2024
- 2023Rethinking Randomized Smoothing from the Perspective of Scalability19 Dec 2023
- 2023Adversarial Robustness on Image Classification with k-means15 Dec 2023
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Survey13 Dec 2023
- 2023Adversarial Purification of Information Masking26 Nov 2023
- 2023MetaCloak: Preventing Unauthorized Subject-driven Text-to-image Diffusion-based Synthesis via Meta-learning22 Nov 2023
- 2023Adversarial Prompt Tuning for Vision-Language Models19 Nov 2023
- 2023Targeted Attack Improves Protection against Unauthorized Diffusion Customization7 Oct 2023
- 2023Projected Randomized Smoothing for Certified Adversarial Robustness25 Sep 2023
- 2023DAD++: Improved Data-free Test Time Adversarial Defense10 Sep 2023
- 2023DiffDefense: Defending against Adversarial Attacks via Diffusion Models7 Sep 2023
- 2023PAIF: Perception-Aware Infrared-Visible Image Fusion for Attack-Tolerant Semantic Segmentation8 Aug 2023
- 2023Diffusion Models for Imperceptible and Transferable Adversarial Attack14 May 2023
- 2023Fooling the Image Dehazing Models by First Order Gradient30 Mar 2023
- 2023Adversarial Example Does Good: Preventing Painting Imitation from Diffusion Models via Adversarial Examples9 Feb 2023
- 2023Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Controls of Machine Learning Based Systems: A Survey and Taxonomy18 Jan 2023
- 2022General Adversarial Defense Against Black-box Attacks via Pixel Level and Feature Level Distribution Alignments11 Dec 2022
- 2022PrivacyProber: Assessment and Detection of Soft-Biometric Privacy-Enhancing Techniques16 Nov 2022
- 2022Data-free Defense of Black Box Models Against Adversarial Attacks3 Nov 2022
- 2022A Perturbation Resistant Transformation and Classification System for Deep Neural Networks25 Aug 2022
- 2022Reversing Skin Cancer Adversarial Examples by Multiscale Diffusive and Denoising Aggregation Mechanism22 Aug 2022
- 2022Fast Adversarial Training with Adaptive Step Size6 Jun 2022
- 2022Defending Person Detection Against Adversarial Patch Attack by using Universal Defensive Frame27 Apr 2022
- 2022Self-recoverable Adversarial Examples: A New Effective Protection Mechanism in Social Networks26 Apr 2022
- 2022Towards Robust Rain Removal Against Adversarial Attacks: A Comprehensive Benchmark Analysis and Beyond31 Mar 2022
- 2022An Eye for an Eye: Defending against Gradient-based Attacks with Gradients2 Feb 2022
50 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2023Adversarial Example Does Good: Preventing Painting Imitation from Diffusion Models via Adversarial Examplescited by 163
- 2023Diffusion Models for Imperceptible and Transferable Adversarial Attackcited by 93
- 2023MetaCloak: Preventing Unauthorized Subject-driven Text-to-image Diffusion-based Synthesis via Meta-learningcited by 42
- 2023Targeted Attack Improves Protection against Unauthorized Diffusion Customizationcited by 18
- 2025StyleGuard: Preventing Text-to-Image-Model-based Style Mimicry Attacks by Style Perturbationscited by 7
- 2025VideoPure: Diffusion-based Adversarial Purification for Video Recognitioncited by 5
- 2025ScoreAdv: Score-based Targeted Generation of Natural Adversarial Examples via Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2023DiffDefense: Defending against Adversarial Attacks via Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2025An h-space Based Adversarial Attack for Protection Against Few-shot Personalizationcited by 2
- 2026FeatMark: Feature-level Watermark Protection against Mimicry Attacks with Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026FeatMark: Feature-level Watermark Protection against Mimicry Attacks with Diffusion Models25 Sep 2026
- 2025An h-space Based Adversarial Attack for Protection Against Few-shot Personalization23 Jul 2025
- 2025ScoreAdv: Score-based Targeted Generation of Natural Adversarial Examples via Diffusion Models8 Jul 2025
- 2025StyleGuard: Preventing Text-to-Image-Model-based Style Mimicry Attacks by Style Perturbations24 May 2025
- 2025VideoPure: Diffusion-based Adversarial Purification for Video Recognition25 Jan 2025
- 2023MetaCloak: Preventing Unauthorized Subject-driven Text-to-image Diffusion-based Synthesis via Meta-learning22 Nov 2023
- 2023Targeted Attack Improves Protection against Unauthorized Diffusion Customization7 Oct 2023
- 2023DiffDefense: Defending against Adversarial Attacks via Diffusion Models7 Sep 2023
- 2023Diffusion Models for Imperceptible and Transferable Adversarial Attack14 May 2023
- 2023Adversarial Example Does Good: Preventing Painting Imitation from Diffusion Models via Adversarial Examples9 Feb 2023
- 2021Adversarial Example Detection for DNN Models: A Review and Experimental Comparisoncited by 51
- 2021Poison Ink: Robust and Invisible Backdoor Attackcited by 50
- 2022Towards Robust Rain Removal Against Adversarial Attacks: A Comprehensive Benchmark Analysis and Beyondcited by 48
- 2022On the Real-World Adversarial Robustness of Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2023PAIF: Perception-Aware Infrared-Visible Image Fusion for Attack-Tolerant Semantic Segmentationcited by 26
- 2022Fast Adversarial Training with Adaptive Step Sizecited by 24
- 2021MagDR: Mask-guided Detection and Reconstruction for Defending Deepfakescited by 17
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 14
- 2023Projected Randomized Smoothing for Certified Adversarial Robustnesscited by 11
- 2021Revisiting Model's Uncertainty and Confidences for Adversarial Example Detectioncited by 9
- 2021Fast Gradient Non-sign Methodscited by 9
- 2022Defending Person Detection Against Adversarial Patch Attack by using Universal Defensive Framecited by 9
12 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Fast Preemptive Robustification: High-Frequency Response Anti-Aligns Shared Vulnerability26 Mar 2026
- 2025Deep learning models are vulnerable, but adversarial examples are even more vulnerable7 Nov 2025
- 2025BlurGuard: A Simple Approach for Robustifying Image Protection Against AI-Powered Editing31 Oct 2025
- 2025Trans-defense: Transformer-based Denoiser for Adversarial Defense with Spatial-Frequency Domain Representation31 Oct 2025
- 2025Improving Adversarial Robustness Through Adaptive Learning-Driven Multi-Teacher Knowledge Distillation28 Jul 2025
- 2025Universal and Efficient Detection of Adversarial Data through Nonuniform Impact on Network Layers25 Jun 2025
- 2025SuperPure: Efficient Purification of Localized and Distributed Adversarial Patches via Super-Resolution GAN Models22 May 2025
- 2025DP-TRAE: A Dual-Phase Merging Transferable Reversible Adversarial Example for Image Privacy Protection11 May 2025
- 2025Leveraging Generalizability of Image-to-Image Translation for Enhanced Adversarial Defense2 Apr 2025
- 2025Quaternion-Hadamard Network: A Novel Defense Against Adversarial Attacks with a New Dataset12 Feb 2025
- 2024BridgePure: Limited Protection Leakage Can Break Black-Box Data Protection30 Dec 2024
- 2024Detecting Adversarial Examples22 Oct 2024
12 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)