Super Characters: A Conversion from Sentiment Classification to Image Classification
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a method named Super Characters for sentiment classification. This method converts the sentiment classification problem into image classification problem by projecting texts into images and then applying CNN models for classification. Text features are extracted automatically from the generated Super Characters images, hence there is no need of any explicit step of embedding the words or characters into numerical vector representations. Experimental results on large social media corpus show that the Super Characters method consistently outperforms other methods for sentiment classification and topic classification tasks on ten large social media datasets of millions of contents in four different languages, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean and English.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Oct 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
9 papers.
- 2021Between words and characters: A Brief History of Open-Vocabulary Modeling and Tokenization in NLPcited by 130
- 2021Robust Open-Vocabulary Translation from Visual Text Representationscited by 47
- 2024PIXAR: Auto-Regressive Language Modeling in Pixel Spacecited by 16
- 2021GnetSeg: Semantic Segmentation Model Optimized on a 224mW CNN Accelerator Chip at the Speed of 318FPScited by 1
- 2021GnetDet: Object Detection Optimized on a 224mW CNN Accelerator Chip at the Speed of 106FPScited by 1
- 2022A Dynamic Weighted Tabular Method for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2026MIXAR: Scaling Autoregressive Pixel-based Language Models to Multiple Languages and Scriptscited by 1
- 2024Fuzzy Convolution Neural Networks for Tabular Data Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Uncertainty in Semantic Language Modeling with PIXELScited by 0
- 2026MIXAR: Scaling Autoregressive Pixel-based Language Models to Multiple Languages and Scripts13 Apr 2026
- 2025Uncertainty in Semantic Language Modeling with PIXELS23 Sep 2025
- 2024Fuzzy Convolution Neural Networks for Tabular Data Classification4 Jun 2024
- 2024PIXAR: Auto-Regressive Language Modeling in Pixel Space6 Jan 2024
- 2022A Dynamic Weighted Tabular Method for Convolutional Neural Networks20 May 2022
- 2021Between words and characters: A Brief History of Open-Vocabulary Modeling and Tokenization in NLP20 Dec 2021
- 2021Robust Open-Vocabulary Translation from Visual Text Representations16 Apr 2021
- 2021GnetDet: Object Detection Optimized on a 224mW CNN Accelerator Chip at the Speed of 106FPS19 Feb 2021
- 2021GnetSeg: Semantic Segmentation Model Optimized on a 224mW CNN Accelerator Chip at the Speed of 318FPS9 Jan 2021