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Multimodal Speech Emotion Recognition Using Audio and Text

arXiv 1810.04635 ↗First posted 10 Oct 2018cs.CLcited by 55

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Abstract (arXiv)

Speech emotion recognition is a challenging task, and extensive reliance has been placed on models that use audio features in building well-performing classifiers. In this paper, we propose a novel deep dual recurrent encoder model that utilizes text data and audio signals simultaneously to obtain a better understanding of speech data. As emotional dialogue is composed of sound and spoken content, our model encodes the information from audio and text sequences using dual recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and then combines the information from these sources to predict the emotion class. This architecture analyzes speech data from the signal level to the language level, and it thus utilizes the information within the data more comprehensively than models that focus on audio features. Extensive experiments are conducted to investigate the efficacy and properties of the proposed model. Our proposed model outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods in assigning data to one of four emotion categories (i.e., angry, happy, sad and neutral) when the model is applied to the IEMOCAP dataset, as reflected by accuracies ranging from 68.8% to 71.8%.

Key facts. Cited by 55 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Oct 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 15; 2023: 12; 2024: 10; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.

55 papers.

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  1. 2022Dawn of the transformer era in speech emotion recognition: closing the valence gapcited by 155
  2. 2021ContIG: Self-supervised Multimodal Contrastive Learning for Medical Imaging with Geneticscited by 35
  3. 2023Learning Emotion Representations from Verbal and Nonverbal Communicationcited by 31
  4. 2024HiCMAE: Hierarchical Contrastive Masked Autoencoder for Self-Supervised Audio-Visual Emotion Recognitioncited by 30
  5. 2021Towards Relatable Explainable AI with the Perceptual Processcited by 27
  6. 2021Fusing ASR Outputs in Joint Training for Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 21
  7. 2022Group Gated Fusion on Attention-based Bidirectional Alignment for Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 16
  8. 2022Is Cross-Attention Preferable to Self-Attention for Multi-Modal Emotion Recognition?cited by 16
  9. 2024Speech Emotion Recognition with ASR Transcripts: A Comprehensive Study on Word Error Rate and Fusion Techniquescited by 15
  10. 2022Speaker Normalization for Self-supervised Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 14
  11. 2021Efficient Speech Emotion Recognition Using Multi-Scale CNN and Attentioncited by 13
  12. 2022Multimodal data matters: language model pre-training over structured and unstructured electronic health recordscited by 13
38 more
  1. 2021Improved Speech Emotion Recognition using Transfer Learning and Spectrogram Augmentationcited by 12
  2. 2023VEATIC: Video-based Emotion and Affect Tracking in Context Datasetcited by 12
  3. 2023HCAM -- Hierarchical Cross Attention Model for Multi-modal Emotion Recognitioncited by 11
  4. 2022Bias and Fairness on Multimodal Emotion Detection Algorithmscited by 10
  5. 2021CTAL: Pre-training Cross-modal Transformer for Audio-and-Language Representationscited by 9
  6. 2024FunnyNet-W: Multimodal Learning of Funny Moments in Videos in the Wildcited by 9
  7. 2021Multistage linguistic conditioning of convolutional layers for speech emotion recognitioncited by 8
  8. 2022Sentiment-Aware Automatic Speech Recognition pre-training for enhanced Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 8
  9. 2022Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Transfer Learning from Speaker Recognition and BERT-based modelscited by 7
  10. 2023ASR and Emotional Speech: A Word-Level Investigation of the Mutual Impact of Speech and Emotion Recognitioncited by 7
  11. 2021Team Phoenix at WASSA 2021: Emotion Analysis on News Stories with Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 5
  12. 2022Shared Manifold Learning Using a Triplet Network for Multiple Sensor Translation and Fusion with Missing Datacited by 5
  13. 2023A Change of Heart: Improving Speech Emotion Recognition through Speech-to-Text Modality Conversioncited by 5
  14. 2022Self-Supervised Audio-and-Text Pre-training with Extremely Low-Resource Parallel Datacited by 4
  15. 2023A Comprehensive Study on the Effectiveness of ASR Representations for Noise-Robust Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
  16. 2024Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attentioncited by 4
  17. 2022Pretrained audio neural networks for Speech emotion recognition in Portuguesecited by 3
  18. 2023LEAN: Light and Efficient Audio Classification Networkcited by 3
  19. 2023Cascaded Cross-Modal Transformer for Request and Complaint Detectioncited by 3
  20. 2023Leveraging Label Information for Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 3
  21. 2024Enhancing Emotion Recognition in Incomplete Data: A Novel Cross-Modal Alignment, Reconstruction, and Refinement Frameworkcited by 3
  22. 2021Towards A Multi-agent System for Online Hate Speech Detectioncited by 2
  23. 2022CTA-RNN: Channel and Temporal-wise Attention RNN Leveraging Pre-trained ASR Embeddings for Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 2
  24. 2022VISTANet: VIsual Spoken Textual Additive Net for Interpretable Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 2
  25. 2022Distribution-based Emotion Recognition in Conversationcited by 2
  26. 2022Multilevel Transformer For Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 2
  27. 2024Cascaded Cross-Modal Transformer for Audio-Textual Classificationcited by 2
  28. 2023Cross-Language Speech Emotion Recognition Using Multimodal Dual Attention Transformerscited by 1
  29. 2023Acoustic and linguistic representations for speech continuous emotion recognition in call center conversationscited by 1
  30. 2023Multimodal Classification of Teaching Activities from University Lecture Recordingscited by 1
  31. 2024Sentiment Analysis Across Languages: Evaluation Before and After Machine Translation to Englishcited by 1
  32. 2025Grounding Emotion Recognition with Visual Prototypes: VEGA -- Revisiting CLIP in MERCcited by 1
  33. 2021Position-based Contributive Embeddings for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
  34. 2024Medical Speech Symptoms Classification via Disentangled Representationcited by 0
  35. 2024Fusion approaches for emotion recognition from speech using acoustic and text-based featurescited by 0
  36. 2024Enhancing Speech Emotion Recognition through Segmental Average Pooling of Self-Supervised Learning Featurescited by 0
  37. 2025Residual Speech Embeddings for Tone Classification: Removing Linguistic Content to Enhance Paralinguistic Analysiscited by 0
  38. 2025Semantic Differentiation in Speech Emotion Recognition: Insights from Descriptive and Expressive Speech Rolescited by 0

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