Machine Learning for Forecasting Mid Price Movement using Limit Order Book Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Forecasting the movements of stock prices is one the most challenging problems in financial markets analysis. In this paper, we use Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for the prediction of future price movements using limit order book data. Two different sets of features are combined and evaluated: handcrafted features based on the raw order book data and features extracted by ML algorithms, resulting in feature vectors with highly variant dimensionalities. Three classifiers are evaluated using combinations of these sets of features on two different evaluation setups and three prediction scenarios. Even though the large scale and high frequency nature of the limit order book poses several challenges, the scope of the conducted experiments and the significance of the experimental results indicate that Machine Learning highly befits this task carving the path towards future research in this field.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 5; 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Studycited by 9
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecastingcited by 7
- 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Datacited by 4
- 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarkingcited by 2
- 2022FETILDA: An Effective Framework For Fin-tuned Embeddings For Long Financial Text Documentscited by 1
- 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Datacited by 1
- 2023Feature Selection with Annealing for Forecasting Financial Time Seriescited by 1
- 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Bookscited by 1
- 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Managementcited by 1
- 2021Visualising Deep Network's Time-Series Representationscited by 0
- 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic acceleratorscited by 0
- 2025SenDaL: An Effective and Efficient Calibration Framework of Low-Cost Sensors for Daily Lifecited by 0
- 2026An `Inverse' Experimental Framework to Estimate Market Efficiency20 Apr 2026
- 2025An Efficient deep learning model to Predict Stock Price Movement Based on Limit Order Book14 May 2025
- 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarking4 May 2025
- 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Data12 Feb 2025
- 2025SenDaL: An Effective and Efficient Calibration Framework of Low-Cost Sensors for Daily Life12 Feb 2025
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecasting14 Mar 2024
- 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic accelerators2 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Management23 Jul 2023
- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Study5 Jul 2023
- 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Books25 May 2023
- 2023Feature Selection with Annealing for Forecasting Financial Time Series3 Mar 2023
- 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Data30 Nov 2022
2 more
- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Studycited by 9
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecastingcited by 7
- 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Datacited by 4
- 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarkingcited by 2
- 2022FETILDA: An Effective Framework For Fin-tuned Embeddings For Long Financial Text Documentscited by 1
- 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Datacited by 1
- 2023Feature Selection with Annealing for Forecasting Financial Time Seriescited by 1
- 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Bookscited by 1
- 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Managementcited by 1
- 2021Visualising Deep Network's Time-Series Representationscited by 0
- 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic acceleratorscited by 0
- 2025SenDaL: An Effective and Efficient Calibration Framework of Low-Cost Sensors for Daily Lifecited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026An `Inverse' Experimental Framework to Estimate Market Efficiency20 Apr 2026
- 2025An Efficient deep learning model to Predict Stock Price Movement Based on Limit Order Book14 May 2025
- 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarking4 May 2025
- 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Data12 Feb 2025
- 2025SenDaL: An Effective and Efficient Calibration Framework of Low-Cost Sensors for Daily Life12 Feb 2025
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecasting14 Mar 2024
- 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic accelerators2 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Management23 Jul 2023
- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Study5 Jul 2023
- 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Books25 May 2023
- 2023Feature Selection with Annealing for Forecasting Financial Time Series3 Mar 2023
- 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Data30 Nov 2022
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)