Phonetic-and-Semantic Embedding of Spoken Words with Applications in Spoken Content Retrieval
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Abstract (arXiv)
Word embedding or Word2Vec has been successful in offering semantics for text words learned from the context of words. Audio Word2Vec was shown to offer phonetic structures for spoken words (signal segments for words) learned from signals within spoken words. This paper proposes a two-stage framework to perform phonetic-and-semantic embedding on spoken words considering the context of the spoken words. Stage 1 performs phonetic embedding with speaker characteristics disentangled. Stage 2 then performs semantic embedding in addition. We further propose to evaluate the phonetic-and-semantic nature of the audio embeddings obtained in Stage 2 by parallelizing with text embeddings. In general, phonetic structure and semantics inevitably disturb each other. For example the words "brother" and "sister" are close in semantics but very different in phonetic structure, while the words "brother" and "bother" are in the other way around. But phonetic-and-semantic embedding is attractive, as shown in the initial experiments on spoken document retrieval. Not only spoken documents including the spoken query can be retrieved based on the phonetic structures, but spoken documents semantically related to the query but not including the query can also be retrieved based on the semantics.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2024Self-Supervised Speech Representations are More Phonetic than Semanticcited by 70
- 2021Acoustic word embeddings for zero-resource languages using self-supervised contrastive learning and multilingual adaptationcited by 19
- 2021Multilingual transfer of acoustic word embeddings improves when training on languages related to the target zero-resource languagecited by 7
- 2023PWESuite: Phonetic Word Embeddings and Tasks They Facilitatecited by 6
- 2021A phonetic model of non-native spoken word processingcited by 5
- 2021Unsupervised Automatic Speech Recognition: A Reviewcited by 5
- 2023Leveraging multilingual transfer for unsupervised semantic acoustic word embeddingscited by 2
- 2024BEST-STD: Bidirectional Mamba-Enhanced Speech Tokenization for Spoken Term Detectioncited by 1
- 2022Homophone Reveals the Truth: A Reality Check for Speech2Veccited by 0
- 2023Spoken Word2Vec: Learning Skipgram Embeddings from Speechcited by 0
- 2026QUARK: Robust Retrieval under Non-Faithful Queries via Query-Anchored Aggregationcited by 0
- 2026QUARK: Robust Retrieval under Non-Faithful Queries via Query-Anchored Aggregation28 Jan 2026
- 2024BEST-STD: Bidirectional Mamba-Enhanced Speech Tokenization for Spoken Term Detection21 Nov 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Speech Representations are More Phonetic than Semantic12 Jun 2024
- 2023Spoken Word2Vec: Learning Skipgram Embeddings from Speech15 Nov 2023
- 2023Leveraging multilingual transfer for unsupervised semantic acoustic word embeddings5 Jul 2023
- 2023PWESuite: Phonetic Word Embeddings and Tasks They Facilitate5 Apr 2023
- 2022Homophone Reveals the Truth: A Reality Check for Speech2Vec22 Sep 2022
- 2021Multilingual transfer of acoustic word embeddings improves when training on languages related to the target zero-resource language24 Jun 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Automatic Speech Recognition: A Review9 Jun 2021
- 2021Acoustic word embeddings for zero-resource languages using self-supervised contrastive learning and multilingual adaptation19 Mar 2021
- 2021A phonetic model of non-native spoken word processing27 Jan 2021