LIMO: Lidar-Monocular Visual Odometry
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Abstract (arXiv)
Higher level functionality in autonomous driving depends strongly on a precise motion estimate of the vehicle. Powerful algorithms have been developed. However, their great majority focuses on either binocular imagery or pure LIDAR measurements. The promising combination of camera and LIDAR for visual localization has mostly been unattended. In this work we fill this gap, by proposing a depth extraction algorithm from LIDAR measurements for camera feature tracks and estimating motion by robustified keyframe based Bundle Adjustment. Semantic labeling is used for outlier rejection and weighting of vegetation landmarks. The capability of this sensor combination is demonstrated on the competitive KITTI dataset, achieving a placement among the top 15. The code is released to the community.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 2; 2023: 8; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysiscited by 99
- 2024FAST-LIVO2: Fast, Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometrycited by 40
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 37
- 2021MULLS: Versatile LiDAR SLAM via Multi-metric Linear Least Squarecited by 27
- 2024DVLO: Deep Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Local-to-Global Feature Fusion and Bi-Directional Structure Alignmentcited by 25
- 2021Fast and Robust Registration of Partially Overlapping Point Cloudscited by 22
- 2022Situational Graphs for Robot Navigation in Structured Indoor Environmentscited by 21
- 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Surveycited by 14
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
- 20234DRVO-Net: Deep 4D Radar-Visual Odometry Using Multi-Modal and Multi-Scale Adaptive Fusioncited by 11
- 2021Self-supervised Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Flip Consistencycited by 9
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles Part II: Perception and Planningcited by 9
9 more
- 2023Colmap-PCD: An Open-source Tool for Fine Image-to-point cloud Registrationcited by 4
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agentscited by 2
- 2023EdgeCalib: Multi-Frame Weighted Edge Features for Automatic Targetless LiDAR-Camera Calibrationcited by 2
- 2025DVLO4D: Deep Visual-Lidar Odometry with Sparse Spatial-temporal Fusioncited by 2
- 2021Lidar-Monocular Surface Reconstruction Using Line Segmentscited by 1
- 2021CoFi: Coarse-to-Fine ICP for LiDAR Localization in an Efficient Long-lasting Point Cloud Mapcited by 0
- 2022JVLDLoc: a Joint Optimization of Visual-LiDAR Constraints and Direction Priors for Localization in Driving Scenariocited by 0
- 2023Visual-LiDAR Odometry and Mapping with Monocular Scale Correction and Visual Bootstrappingcited by 0
- 2026DSP-SLAM++: A Unified Framework for Multi-Class, High-Fidelity Object SLAM in the Wildcited by 0
- 2026DSP-SLAM++: A Unified Framework for Multi-Class, High-Fidelity Object SLAM in the Wild24 Jun 2026
- 2025DVLO4D: Deep Visual-Lidar Odometry with Sparse Spatial-temporal Fusion7 Sep 2025
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Vision3 Apr 2025
- 2024FAST-LIVO2: Fast, Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry26 Aug 2024
- 2024DVLO: Deep Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Local-to-Global Feature Fusion and Bi-Directional Structure Alignment27 Mar 2024
- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis14 Dec 2023
- 2023EdgeCalib: Multi-Frame Weighted Edge Features for Automatic Targetless LiDAR-Camera Calibration25 Oct 2023
- 2023Colmap-PCD: An Open-source Tool for Fine Image-to-point cloud Registration9 Oct 2023
- 20234DRVO-Net: Deep 4D Radar-Visual Odometry Using Multi-Modal and Multi-Scale Adaptive Fusion12 Aug 2023
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agents15 Jul 2023
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles Part II: Perception and Planning3 Jun 2023
- 2023Visual-LiDAR Odometry and Mapping with Monocular Scale Correction and Visual Bootstrapping18 Apr 2023
9 more
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Services13 Apr 2023
- 2022JVLDLoc: a Joint Optimization of Visual-LiDAR Constraints and Direction Priors for Localization in Driving Scenario21 Aug 2022
- 2022Situational Graphs for Robot Navigation in Structured Indoor Environments24 Feb 2022
- 2021Fast and Robust Registration of Partially Overlapping Point Clouds18 Dec 2021
- 2021CoFi: Coarse-to-Fine ICP for LiDAR Localization in an Efficient Long-lasting Point Cloud Map19 Oct 2021
- 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Survey1 Oct 2021
- 2021Lidar-Monocular Surface Reconstruction Using Line Segments6 Apr 2021
- 2021MULLS: Versatile LiDAR SLAM via Multi-metric Linear Least Square7 Feb 2021
- 2021Self-supervised Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Flip Consistency5 Jan 2021
- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysiscited by 99
- 2024FAST-LIVO2: Fast, Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometrycited by 40
- 2021MULLS: Versatile LiDAR SLAM via Multi-metric Linear Least Squarecited by 27
- 2024DVLO: Deep Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Local-to-Global Feature Fusion and Bi-Directional Structure Alignmentcited by 25
- 2021Fast and Robust Registration of Partially Overlapping Point Cloudscited by 22
- 2022Situational Graphs for Robot Navigation in Structured Indoor Environmentscited by 21
- 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Surveycited by 14
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
- 20234DRVO-Net: Deep 4D Radar-Visual Odometry Using Multi-Modal and Multi-Scale Adaptive Fusioncited by 11
- 2021Self-supervised Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Flip Consistencycited by 9
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles Part II: Perception and Planningcited by 9
- 2023Colmap-PCD: An Open-source Tool for Fine Image-to-point cloud Registrationcited by 4
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026DSP-SLAM++: A Unified Framework for Multi-Class, High-Fidelity Object SLAM in the Wild24 Jun 2026
- 2025DVLO4D: Deep Visual-Lidar Odometry with Sparse Spatial-temporal Fusion7 Sep 2025
- 2024FAST-LIVO2: Fast, Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry26 Aug 2024
- 2024DVLO: Deep Visual-LiDAR Odometry with Local-to-Global Feature Fusion and Bi-Directional Structure Alignment27 Mar 2024
- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis14 Dec 2023
- 2023EdgeCalib: Multi-Frame Weighted Edge Features for Automatic Targetless LiDAR-Camera Calibration25 Oct 2023
- 2023Colmap-PCD: An Open-source Tool for Fine Image-to-point cloud Registration9 Oct 2023
- 20234DRVO-Net: Deep 4D Radar-Visual Odometry Using Multi-Modal and Multi-Scale Adaptive Fusion12 Aug 2023
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agents15 Jul 2023
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles Part II: Perception and Planning3 Jun 2023
- 2023Visual-LiDAR Odometry and Mapping with Monocular Scale Correction and Visual Bootstrapping18 Apr 2023
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Services13 Apr 2023
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)