Degree based Classification of Harmful Speech using Twitter Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Harmful speech has various forms and it has been plaguing the social media in different ways. If we need to crackdown different degrees of hate speech and abusive behavior amongst it, the classification needs to be based on complex ramifications which needs to be defined and hold accountable for, other than racist, sexist or against some particular group and community. This paper primarily describes how we created an ontological classification of harmful speech based on degree of hateful intent, and used it to annotate twitter data accordingly. The key contribution of this paper is the new dataset of tweets we created based on ontological classes and degrees of harmful speech found in the text. We also propose supervised classification system for recognizing these respective harmful speech classes in the texts hence.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
8 papers.
- 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
- 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfercited by 39
- 2024Leveraging Annotator Disagreement for Text Classificationcited by 8
- 2022Hidden behind the obvious: misleading keywords and implicitly abusive language on social mediacited by 6
- 2022Hate Speech Classification Using SVM and Naive BAYEScited by 3
- 2023Toxic language detection: a systematic review of Arabic datasetscited by 3
- 2025XGUARD: A Graded Benchmark for Evaluating Safety Failures of Large Language Models on Extremist Contentcited by 2
- 2025Improving Hate Speech Classification with Cross-Taxonomy Dataset Integrationcited by 0
- 2025XGUARD: A Graded Benchmark for Evaluating Safety Failures of Large Language Models on Extremist Content1 Jun 2025
- 2025Improving Hate Speech Classification with Cross-Taxonomy Dataset Integration7 Mar 2025
- 2024Leveraging Annotator Disagreement for Text Classification26 Sep 2024
- 2023Toxic language detection: a systematic review of Arabic datasets12 Dec 2023
- 2022Hidden behind the obvious: misleading keywords and implicitly abusive language on social media3 May 2022
- 2022Hate Speech Classification Using SVM and Naive BAYES21 Mar 2022
- 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfer2 Mar 2022
- 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutions17 Feb 2021