mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Detecting Offensive Language in Tweets Using Deep Learning

arXiv 1801.04433 ↗First posted 13 Jan 2018cs.CL cs.CY cs.SIcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper addresses the important problem of discerning hateful content in social media. We propose a detection scheme that is an ensemble of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) classifiers, and it incorporates various features associated with user-related information, such as the users' tendency towards racism or sexism. These data are fed as input to the above classifiers along with the word frequency vectors derived from the textual content. Our approach has been evaluated on a publicly available corpus of 16k tweets, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in comparison to existing state of the art solutions. More specifically, our scheme can successfully distinguish racism and sexism messages from normal text, and achieve higher classification quality than current state-of-the-art algorithms.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Jan 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 7; 2023: 2; 2024: 7; 2025: 1.

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  1. 2022Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Surveycited by 80
  2. 2024ToxiCloakCN: Evaluating Robustness of Offensive Language Detection in Chinese with Cloaking Perturbationscited by 30
  3. 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 26
  4. 2021Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Modelcited by 26
  5. 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hatecited by 8
  6. 2021Hate Speech Detection in Roman Urducited by 8
  7. 2021Offensive Language Identification in Low-resourced Code-mixed Dravidian languages using Pseudo-labelingcited by 6
  8. 2024User-Aware Multilingual Abusive Content Detection in Social Mediacited by 6
  9. 2022T5 for Hate Speech, Augmented Data and Ensemblecited by 5
  10. 2022The Naughtyformer: A Transformer Understands Offensive Humorcited by 5
  11. 2023Down the Rabbit Hole: Detecting Online Extremism, Radicalisation, and Politicised Hate Speechcited by 5
  12. 2024Chinese Offensive Language Detection:Current Status and Future Directionscited by 4
11 more
  1. 2022Selecting and combining complementary feature representations and classifiers for hate speech detectioncited by 3
  2. 2024MasonPerplexity at ClimateActivism 2024: Integrating Advanced Ensemble Techniques and Data Augmentation for Climate Activism Stance and Hate Event Identificationcited by 3
  3. 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
  4. 2022Rethinking Offensive Text Detection as a Multi-Hop Reasoning Problemcited by 1
  5. 2021AtteSTNet -- An attention and subword tokenization based approach for code-switched text hate speech detectioncited by 0
  6. 2022Improved two-stage hate speech classification for twitter based on Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
  7. 2023"Can We Detect Substance Use Disorder?": Knowledge and Time Aware Classification on Social Media from Darkwebcited by 0
  8. 2024Hate Content Detection via Novel Pre-Processing Sequencing and Ensemble Methodscited by 0
  9. 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Informationcited by 0
  10. 2024Exploration and Evaluation of Bias in Cyberbullying Detection with Machine Learningcited by 0
  11. 2025The Hidden Language of Harm: Examining the Role of Emojis in Harmful Online Communication and Content Moderationcited by 0