Interpretable Counting for Visual Question Answering
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Abstract (arXiv)
Questions that require counting a variety of objects in images remain a major challenge in visual question answering (VQA). The most common approaches to VQA involve either classifying answers based on fixed length representations of both the image and question or summing fractional counts estimated from each section of the image. In contrast, we treat counting as a sequential decision process and force our model to make discrete choices of what to count. Specifically, the model sequentially selects from detected objects and learns interactions between objects that influence subsequent selections. A distinction of our approach is its intuitive and interpretable output, as discrete counts are automatically grounded in the image. Furthermore, our method outperforms the state of the art architecture for VQA on multiple metrics that evaluate counting.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Dec 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 5; 2025: 4.
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- 2021Human-Adversarial Visual Question Answeringcited by 57
- 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directionscited by 25
- 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 24
- 2022Modern Question Answering Datasets and Benchmarks: A Surveycited by 23
- 2023Behind the Magic, MERLIM: Multi-modal Evaluation Benchmark for Large Image-Language Modelscited by 23
- 2022CLEVR-X: A Visual Reasoning Dataset for Natural Language Explanationscited by 16
- 2021Weakly Supervised Relative Spatial Reasoning for Visual Question Answeringcited by 12
- 2024Evaluating Numerical Reasoning in Text-to-Image Modelscited by 12
- 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 11
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Question Answering Datasets and Algorithmscited by 8
- 2024Visual Enumeration Remains Challenging for Multimodal Generative AIcited by 5
- 2025Emergent Symbol-like Number Variables in Artificial Neural Networkscited by 5
5 more
- 2024COCO is "ALL'' You Need for Visual Instruction Fine-tuningcited by 3
- 2021Pruning Edges and Gradients to Learn Hypergraphs from Larger Setscited by 2
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?cited by 2
- 2025A Study of Commonsense Reasoning over Visual Object Propertiescited by 1
- 2025Assessing the Visual Enumeration Abilities of Specialized Counting Architectures and Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Assessing the Visual Enumeration Abilities of Specialized Counting Architectures and Vision-Language Models17 Dec 2025
- 2025A Study of Commonsense Reasoning over Visual Object Properties14 Aug 2025
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?28 May 2025
- 2025Emergent Symbol-like Number Variables in Artificial Neural Networks10 Jan 2025
- 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentation3 Dec 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Question Answering Datasets and Algorithms17 Nov 2024
- 2024Evaluating Numerical Reasoning in Text-to-Image Models20 Jun 2024
- 2024COCO is "ALL'' You Need for Visual Instruction Fine-tuning17 Jan 2024
- 2024Visual Enumeration Remains Challenging for Multimodal Generative AI9 Jan 2024
- 2023Behind the Magic, MERLIM: Multi-modal Evaluation Benchmark for Large Image-Language Models3 Dec 2023
- 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities1 Nov 2023
- 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directions9 Jun 2023
5 more
- 2022Modern Question Answering Datasets and Benchmarks: A Survey30 Jun 2022
- 2022CLEVR-X: A Visual Reasoning Dataset for Natural Language Explanations5 Apr 2022
- 2021Weakly Supervised Relative Spatial Reasoning for Visual Question Answering4 Sep 2021
- 2021Pruning Edges and Gradients to Learn Hypergraphs from Larger Sets26 Jun 2021
- 2021Human-Adversarial Visual Question Answering4 Jun 2021
- 2021Human-Adversarial Visual Question Answeringcited by 57
- 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directionscited by 25
- 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 24
- 2022Modern Question Answering Datasets and Benchmarks: A Surveycited by 23
- 2023Behind the Magic, MERLIM: Multi-modal Evaluation Benchmark for Large Image-Language Modelscited by 23
- 2021Weakly Supervised Relative Spatial Reasoning for Visual Question Answeringcited by 12
- 2024Evaluating Numerical Reasoning in Text-to-Image Modelscited by 12
- 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 11
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Question Answering Datasets and Algorithmscited by 8
- 2024Visual Enumeration Remains Challenging for Multimodal Generative AIcited by 5
- 2025Emergent Symbol-like Number Variables in Artificial Neural Networkscited by 5
- 2021Pruning Edges and Gradients to Learn Hypergraphs from Larger Setscited by 2
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?28 May 2025
- 2025Emergent Symbol-like Number Variables in Artificial Neural Networks10 Jan 2025
- 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentation3 Dec 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Question Answering Datasets and Algorithms17 Nov 2024
- 2024Evaluating Numerical Reasoning in Text-to-Image Models20 Jun 2024
- 2024Visual Enumeration Remains Challenging for Multimodal Generative AI9 Jan 2024
- 2023Behind the Magic, MERLIM: Multi-modal Evaluation Benchmark for Large Image-Language Models3 Dec 2023
- 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities1 Nov 2023
- 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directions9 Jun 2023
- 2022Modern Question Answering Datasets and Benchmarks: A Survey30 Jun 2022
- 2021Weakly Supervised Relative Spatial Reasoning for Visual Question Answering4 Sep 2021
- 2021Pruning Edges and Gradients to Learn Hypergraphs from Larger Sets26 Jun 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)