mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Interpretable Counting for Visual Question Answering

arXiv 1712.08697 ↗First posted 23 Dec 2017cs.AI cs.CL cs.CVcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

Questions that require counting a variety of objects in images remain a major challenge in visual question answering (VQA). The most common approaches to VQA involve either classifying answers based on fixed length representations of both the image and question or summing fractional counts estimated from each section of the image. In contrast, we treat counting as a sequential decision process and force our model to make discrete choices of what to count. Specifically, the model sequentially selects from detected objects and learns interactions between objects that influence subsequent selections. A distinction of our approach is its intuitive and interpretable output, as discrete counts are automatically grounded in the image. Furthermore, our method outperforms the state of the art architecture for VQA on multiple metrics that evaluate counting.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Dec 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 5; 2025: 4.

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  1. 2021Human-Adversarial Visual Question Answeringcited by 57
  2. 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directionscited by 25
  3. 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 24
  4. 2022Modern Question Answering Datasets and Benchmarks: A Surveycited by 23
  5. 2023Behind the Magic, MERLIM: Multi-modal Evaluation Benchmark for Large Image-Language Modelscited by 23
  6. 2022CLEVR-X: A Visual Reasoning Dataset for Natural Language Explanationscited by 16
  7. 2021Weakly Supervised Relative Spatial Reasoning for Visual Question Answeringcited by 12
  8. 2024Evaluating Numerical Reasoning in Text-to-Image Modelscited by 12
  9. 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 11
  10. 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Question Answering Datasets and Algorithmscited by 8
  11. 2024Visual Enumeration Remains Challenging for Multimodal Generative AIcited by 5
  12. 2025Emergent Symbol-like Number Variables in Artificial Neural Networkscited by 5
5 more
  1. 2024COCO is "ALL'' You Need for Visual Instruction Fine-tuningcited by 3
  2. 2021Pruning Edges and Gradients to Learn Hypergraphs from Larger Setscited by 2
  3. 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?cited by 2
  4. 2025A Study of Commonsense Reasoning over Visual Object Propertiescited by 1
  5. 2025Assessing the Visual Enumeration Abilities of Specialized Counting Architectures and Vision-Language Modelscited by 1