End-to-end Trained CNN Encode-Decoder Networks for Image Steganography
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Abstract (arXiv)
All the existing image steganography methods use manually crafted features to hide binary payloads into cover images. This leads to small payload capacity and image distortion. Here we propose a convolutional neural network based encoder-decoder architecture for embedding of images as payload. To this end, we make following three major contributions: (i) we propose a deep learning based generic encoder-decoder architecture for image steganography; (ii) we introduce a new loss function that ensures joint end-to-end training of encoder-decoder networks; (iii) we perform extensive empirical evaluation of proposed architecture on a range of challenging publicly available datasets (MNIST, CIFAR10, PASCAL-VOC12, ImageNet, LFW) and report state-of-the-art payload capacity at high PSNR and SSIM values.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Nov 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2021Exploiting Explanations for Model Inversion Attackscited by 48
- 2021Data Hiding with Deep Learning: A Survey Unifying Digital Watermarking and Steganographycited by 23
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recoverycited by 19
- 2023PrObeD: Proactive Object Detection Wrappercited by 7
- 2021Multi-Stage Residual Hiding for Image-into-Audio Steganographycited by 6
- 2024Information hiding cameras: optical concealment of object information into ordinary imagescited by 6
- 2024A Survey of Privacy-Preserving Model Explanations: Privacy Risks, Attacks, and Countermeasurescited by 6
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganographycited by 4
- 2021Hiding Images into Images with Real-world Robustnesscited by 3
- 2021Multitask Identity-Aware Image Steganography via Minimax Optimizationcited by 2
- 2023Towards Robust Image-in-Audio Deep Steganographycited by 2
- 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Modelscited by 2
6 more
- 2022Deniable Steganographycited by 0
- 2025SMILENet: Unleashing Extra-Large Capacity Image Steganography via a Synergistic Mosaic InvertibLE Hiding Networkcited by 0
- 2025ESDiff: Encoding Strategy-inspired Diffusion Model with Few-shot Learning for Color Image Inpaintingcited by 0
- 2025README: Robust Error-Aware Digital Signature Framework via Deep Watermarking Modelcited by 0
- 2026Breaking the Resolution Barrier: Arbitrary-resolution Deep Image Steganography Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026StegGNN: Learning Graphical Representation for Image Steganographycited by 0
- 2026StegGNN: Learning Graphical Representation for Image Steganography26 Sep 2026
- 2026Breaking the Resolution Barrier: Arbitrary-resolution Deep Image Steganography Framework22 Jan 2026
- 2025README: Robust Error-Aware Digital Signature Framework via Deep Watermarking Model6 Jul 2025
- 2025ESDiff: Encoding Strategy-inspired Diffusion Model with Few-shot Learning for Color Image Inpainting24 Apr 2025
- 2025SMILENet: Unleashing Extra-Large Capacity Image Steganography via a Synergistic Mosaic InvertibLE Hiding Network7 Mar 2025
- 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Models16 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey of Privacy-Preserving Model Explanations: Privacy Risks, Attacks, and Countermeasures31 Mar 2024
- 2024Information hiding cameras: optical concealment of object information into ordinary images15 Jan 2024
- 2023PrObeD: Proactive Object Detection Wrapper28 Oct 2023
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganography27 Mar 2023
- 2023Towards Robust Image-in-Audio Deep Steganography9 Mar 2023
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recovery28 Oct 2022
6 more
- 2022Deniable Steganography25 May 2022
- 2021Hiding Images into Images with Real-world Robustness12 Oct 2021
- 2021Data Hiding with Deep Learning: A Survey Unifying Digital Watermarking and Steganography20 Jul 2021
- 2021Multitask Identity-Aware Image Steganography via Minimax Optimization13 Jul 2021
- 2021Exploiting Explanations for Model Inversion Attacks26 Apr 2021
- 2021Multi-Stage Residual Hiding for Image-into-Audio Steganography6 Jan 2021
- 2021Exploiting Explanations for Model Inversion Attackscited by 48
- 2021Data Hiding with Deep Learning: A Survey Unifying Digital Watermarking and Steganographycited by 23
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recoverycited by 19
- 2023PrObeD: Proactive Object Detection Wrappercited by 7
- 2021Multi-Stage Residual Hiding for Image-into-Audio Steganographycited by 6
- 2024Information hiding cameras: optical concealment of object information into ordinary imagescited by 6
- 2024A Survey of Privacy-Preserving Model Explanations: Privacy Risks, Attacks, and Countermeasurescited by 6
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganographycited by 4
- 2021Hiding Images into Images with Real-world Robustnesscited by 3
- 2021Multitask Identity-Aware Image Steganography via Minimax Optimizationcited by 2
- 2023Towards Robust Image-in-Audio Deep Steganographycited by 2
- 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Modelscited by 2
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026StegGNN: Learning Graphical Representation for Image Steganography26 Sep 2026
- 2026Breaking the Resolution Barrier: Arbitrary-resolution Deep Image Steganography Framework22 Jan 2026
- 2025SMILENet: Unleashing Extra-Large Capacity Image Steganography via a Synergistic Mosaic InvertibLE Hiding Network7 Mar 2025
- 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Models16 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey of Privacy-Preserving Model Explanations: Privacy Risks, Attacks, and Countermeasures31 Mar 2024
- 2024Information hiding cameras: optical concealment of object information into ordinary images15 Jan 2024
- 2023PrObeD: Proactive Object Detection Wrapper28 Oct 2023
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganography27 Mar 2023
- 2023Towards Robust Image-in-Audio Deep Steganography9 Mar 2023
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recovery28 Oct 2022
- 2022Deniable Steganography25 May 2022
- 2021Hiding Images into Images with Real-world Robustness12 Oct 2021
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)