Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce Casper, a proof of stake-based finality system which overlays an existing proof of work blockchain. Casper is a partial consensus mechanism combining proof of stake algorithm research and Byzantine fault tolerant consensus theory. We introduce our system, prove some desirable features, and show defenses against long range revisions and catastrophic crashes. The Casper overlay provides almost any proof of work chain with additional protections against block reversions.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Oct 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.
5 papers.
- 2021Implicit Model Specialization through DAG-based Decentralized Federated Learningcited by 4
- 2022Social Choice Around the Block: On the Computational Social Choice of Blockchaincited by 4
- 2024Securing Health Data on the Blockchain: A Differential Privacy and Federated Learning Frameworkcited by 2
- 2026OVIG: Optimistic Verification of AI Training Integrity via Gradient Signalscited by 0
- 2026Byzantine Accountability Without Consensus: Strong Eventual Consistency for Non-Associative, Stochastic, Robust Aggregationcited by 0
- 2026Byzantine Accountability Without Consensus: Strong Eventual Consistency for Non-Associative, Stochastic, Robust Aggregation11 Jul 2026
- 2026OVIG: Optimistic Verification of AI Training Integrity via Gradient Signals19 Jun 2026
- 2024Securing Health Data on the Blockchain: A Differential Privacy and Federated Learning Framework19 May 2024
- 2022Social Choice Around the Block: On the Computational Social Choice of Blockchain15 Mar 2022
- 2021Implicit Model Specialization through DAG-based Decentralized Federated Learning1 Nov 2021