Learning to Explain Non-Standard English Words and Phrases
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Abstract (arXiv)
We describe a data-driven approach for automatically explaining new, non-standard English expressions in a given sentence, building on a large dataset that includes 15 years of crowdsourced examples from UrbanDictionary.com. Unlike prior studies that focus on matching keywords from a slang dictionary, we investigate the possibility of learning a neural sequence-to-sequence model that generates explanations of unseen non-standard English expressions given context. We propose a dual encoder approach---a word-level encoder learns the representation of context, and a second character-level encoder to learn the hidden representation of the target non-standard expression. Our model can produce reasonable definitions of new non-standard English expressions given their context with certain confidence.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Sep 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 6; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Self-Supervised Euphemism Detection and Identification for Content Moderationcited by 24
- 2023Interpretable Word Sense Representations via Definition Generation: The Case of Semantic Change Analysiscited by 19
- 2022Slangvolution: A Causal Analysis of Semantic Change and Frequency Dynamics in Slangcited by 14
- 2023Assisting Language Learners: Automated Trans-Lingual Definition Generation via Contrastive Prompt Learningcited by 13
- 2021A Computational Framework for Slang Generationcited by 11
- 2022Fine-grained Contrastive Learning for Definition Generationcited by 10
- 2024Toward Informal Language Processing: Knowledge of Slang in Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2022Semantically Informed Slang Interpretationcited by 4
- 2022Semantic Role Labeling Meets Definition Modeling: Using Natural Language to Describe Predicate-Argument Structurescited by 4
- 2023"Definition Modeling: To model definitions." Generating Definitions With Little to No Semanticscited by 4
- 2022Tracing Semantic Variation in Slangcited by 3
- 2025SlangDIT: Benchmarking LLMs in Interpretative Slang Translationcited by 3
9 more
- 2024DORE: A Dataset For Portuguese Definition Generationcited by 2
- 2023Exploiting Correlations Between Contexts and Definitions with Multiple Definition Modelingcited by 1
- 20233D-EX : A Unified Dataset of Definitions and Dictionary Examplescited by 1
- 2023Systematic word meta-sense extensioncited by 0
- 2025SLM4Offer: Personalized Marketing Offer Generation Using Contrastive Learning Based Fine-Tuningcited by 0
- 2025How do Language Models Generate Slang: A Systematic Comparison between Human and Machine-Generated Slang Usagescited by 0
- 2026Towards Automated Lexicography: Generating and Evaluating Definitions for Learner's Dictionariescited by 0
- 2026LM-Lexicon: Improving Definition Modeling via Harmonizing Semantic Expertscited by 0
- 2026Slang Context-based Inference Enhancement via Greedy Search-Guided Chain-of-Thought Promptingcited by 0
- 2026LM-Lexicon: Improving Definition Modeling via Harmonizing Semantic Experts15 Feb 2026
- 2026Slang Context-based Inference Enhancement via Greedy Search-Guided Chain-of-Thought Prompting15 Jan 2026
- 2026Towards Automated Lexicography: Generating and Evaluating Definitions for Learner's Dictionaries5 Jan 2026
- 2025How do Language Models Generate Slang: A Systematic Comparison between Human and Machine-Generated Slang Usages19 Sep 2025
- 2025SLM4Offer: Personalized Marketing Offer Generation Using Contrastive Learning Based Fine-Tuning21 Aug 2025
- 2025SlangDIT: Benchmarking LLMs in Interpretative Slang Translation20 May 2025
- 2024Toward Informal Language Processing: Knowledge of Slang in Large Language Models2 Apr 2024
- 2024DORE: A Dataset For Portuguese Definition Generation26 Mar 2024
- 2023Systematic word meta-sense extension21 Nov 2023
- 20233D-EX : A Unified Dataset of Definitions and Dictionary Examples6 Aug 2023
- 2023"Definition Modeling: To model definitions." Generating Definitions With Little to No Semantics14 Jun 2023
- 2023Assisting Language Learners: Automated Trans-Lingual Definition Generation via Contrastive Prompt Learning9 Jun 2023
9 more
- 2023Exploiting Correlations Between Contexts and Definitions with Multiple Definition Modeling24 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable Word Sense Representations via Definition Generation: The Case of Semantic Change Analysis19 May 2023
- 2022Semantic Role Labeling Meets Definition Modeling: Using Natural Language to Describe Predicate-Argument Structures2 Dec 2022
- 2022Tracing Semantic Variation in Slang16 Oct 2022
- 2022Fine-grained Contrastive Learning for Definition Generation2 Oct 2022
- 2022Semantically Informed Slang Interpretation2 May 2022
- 2022Slangvolution: A Causal Analysis of Semantic Change and Frequency Dynamics in Slang9 Mar 2022
- 2021Self-Supervised Euphemism Detection and Identification for Content Moderation31 Mar 2021
- 2021A Computational Framework for Slang Generation3 Feb 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Euphemism Detection and Identification for Content Moderationcited by 24
- 2023Interpretable Word Sense Representations via Definition Generation: The Case of Semantic Change Analysiscited by 19
- 2022Slangvolution: A Causal Analysis of Semantic Change and Frequency Dynamics in Slangcited by 14
- 2023Assisting Language Learners: Automated Trans-Lingual Definition Generation via Contrastive Prompt Learningcited by 13
- 2021A Computational Framework for Slang Generationcited by 11
- 2022Fine-grained Contrastive Learning for Definition Generationcited by 10
- 2024Toward Informal Language Processing: Knowledge of Slang in Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2022Semantically Informed Slang Interpretationcited by 4
- 2022Semantic Role Labeling Meets Definition Modeling: Using Natural Language to Describe Predicate-Argument Structurescited by 4
- 2023"Definition Modeling: To model definitions." Generating Definitions With Little to No Semanticscited by 4
- 2022Tracing Semantic Variation in Slangcited by 3
- 2025SlangDIT: Benchmarking LLMs in Interpretative Slang Translationcited by 3
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026Towards Automated Lexicography: Generating and Evaluating Definitions for Learner's Dictionaries5 Jan 2026
- 2025How do Language Models Generate Slang: A Systematic Comparison between Human and Machine-Generated Slang Usages19 Sep 2025
- 2025SLM4Offer: Personalized Marketing Offer Generation Using Contrastive Learning Based Fine-Tuning21 Aug 2025
- 2025SlangDIT: Benchmarking LLMs in Interpretative Slang Translation20 May 2025
- 2024Toward Informal Language Processing: Knowledge of Slang in Large Language Models2 Apr 2024
- 2024DORE: A Dataset For Portuguese Definition Generation26 Mar 2024
- 2023Systematic word meta-sense extension21 Nov 2023
- 20233D-EX : A Unified Dataset of Definitions and Dictionary Examples6 Aug 2023
- 2023"Definition Modeling: To model definitions." Generating Definitions With Little to No Semantics14 Jun 2023
- 2023Assisting Language Learners: Automated Trans-Lingual Definition Generation via Contrastive Prompt Learning9 Jun 2023
- 2023Exploiting Correlations Between Contexts and Definitions with Multiple Definition Modeling24 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable Word Sense Representations via Definition Generation: The Case of Semantic Change Analysis19 May 2023
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)