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HDLTex: Hierarchical Deep Learning for Text Classification

arXiv 1709.08267 ↗First posted 24 Sep 2017cs.LG cs.AI cs.CLcited by 105

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Abstract (arXiv)

The continually increasing number of documents produced each year necessitates ever improving information processing methods for searching, retrieving, and organizing text. Central to these information processing methods is document classification, which has become an important application for supervised learning. Recently the performance of these traditional classifiers has degraded as the number of documents has increased. This is because along with this growth in the number of documents has come an increase in the number of categories. This paper approaches this problem differently from current document classification methods that view the problem as multi-class classification. Instead we perform hierarchical classification using an approach we call Hierarchical Deep Learning for Text classification (HDLTex). HDLTex employs stacks of deep learning architectures to provide specialized understanding at each level of the document hierarchy.

Key facts. Cited by 105 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 13; 2023: 15; 2024: 27; 2025: 19; 2026: 22.

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  1. 2024MAP-Neo: Highly Capable and Transparent Bilingual Large Language Model Seriescited by 67
  2. 2022Incorporating Hierarchy into Text Encoder: a Contrastive Learning Approach for Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 52
  3. 2024Recent Advances of Foundation Language Models-based Continual Learning: A Surveycited by 46
  4. 2024FASTopic: Pretrained Transformer is a Fast, Adaptive, Stable, and Transferable Topic Modelcited by 34
  5. 2022HPT: Hierarchy-aware Prompt Tuning for Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 31
  6. 2024Rehearsal-Free Modular and Compositional Continual Learning for Language Modelscited by 26
  7. 2021HTCInfoMax: A Global Model for Hierarchical Text Classification via Information Maximizationcited by 25
  8. 2024A Survey on Mixup Augmentations and Beyondcited by 18
  9. 2021Can a Fruit Fly Learn Word Embeddings?cited by 17
  10. 2023HiTIN: Hierarchy-aware Tree Isomorphism Network for Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 17
  11. 2024Retrieval-style In-Context Learning for Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 16
  12. 2021Multi-granular Legal Topic Classification on Greek Legislationcited by 15
38 more
  1. 2022Exploiting Global and Local Hierarchies for Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 15
  2. 2022Constrained Sequence-to-Tree Generation for Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 13
  3. 2022Fine-grained Category Discovery under Coarse-grained supervision with Hierarchical Weighted Self-contrastive Learningcited by 13
  4. 2022A Transformer-based Framework for POI-level Social Post Geolocationcited by 13
  5. 2024Fair Risk Control: A Generalized Framework for Calibrating Multi-group Fairness Riskscited by 13
  6. 2023Hierarchical Verbalizer for Few-Shot Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 11
  7. 2024Learning to Route for Dynamic Adapter Composition in Continual Learning with Language Modelscited by 11
  8. 2024Can Large Language Models Serve as Effective Classifiers for Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification of Scientific Documents at Industrial Scale?cited by 11
  9. 2022Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification of Scientific Documentscited by 10
  10. 2023DyGen: Learning from Noisy Labels via Dynamics-Enhanced Generative Modelingcited by 10
  11. 2021Improving Pretrained Models for Zero-shot Multi-label Text Classification through Reinforced Label Hierarchy Reasoningcited by 9
  12. 2025SATA-BENCH: Select All That Apply Benchmark for Multiple Choice Questionscited by 9
  13. 2022Automated Identification of Toxic Code Reviews Using ToxiCRcited by 8
  14. 2023A Simple and Effective Framework for Strict Zero-Shot Hierarchical Classificationcited by 7
  15. 2025AGRAG: Advanced Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation for LLMscited by 7
  16. 2021Video-based Hierarchical Species Classification for Longline Fishing Monitoringcited by 6
  17. 2021Hierarchical Text Classification As Sub-Hierarchy Sequence Generationcited by 6
  18. 2024HiGen: Hierarchy-Aware Sequence Generation for Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 6
  19. 2025GORAG: Graph-based Online Retrieval Augmented Generation for Dynamic Few-shot Social Media Text Classificationcited by 6
  20. 2022HINNPerf: Hierarchical Interaction Neural Network for Performance Prediction of Configurable Systemscited by 5
  21. 2023BYOC: Personalized Few-Shot Classification with Co-Authored Class Descriptionscited by 5
  22. 2024CLoG: Benchmarking Continual Learning of Image Generation Modelscited by 5
  23. 2024A Generic Method for Fine-grained Category Discovery in Natural Language Textscited by 5
  24. 2024Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Scientific Text Classification: A Comparative Studycited by 5
  25. 2025Category Discovery: An Open-World Perspectivecited by 5
  26. 2021Hierarchical Text Classification of Urdu News using Deep Neural Networkcited by 4
  27. 2023Instances and Labels: Hierarchy-aware Joint Supervised Contrastive Learning for Hierarchical Multi-Label Text Classificationcited by 4
  28. 2023DNA: Denoised Neighborhood Aggregation for Fine-grained Category Discoverycited by 4
  29. 2023Chain-of-Thought Tuning: Masked Language Models can also Think Step By Step in Natural Language Understandingcited by 4
  30. 2024Kernel-U-Net: Multivariate Time Series Forecasting using Custom Kernelscited by 4
  31. 2024Leveraging Label Semantics and Meta-Label Refinement for Multi-Label Question Classificationcited by 4
  32. 2022Keyword Extraction in Scientific Documentscited by 3
  33. 2024Learning Label Hierarchy with Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 3
  34. 2025KG-HTC: Integrating Knowledge Graphs into LLMs for Effective Zero-shot Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 3
  35. 2024Hierarchical Query Classification in E-commerce Searchcited by 2
  36. 2024Domain-Hierarchy Adaptation via Chain of Iterative Reasoning for Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classificationcited by 2
  37. 2024Informed deep hierarchical classification: a non-standard analysis inspired approachcited by 2
  38. 2024Your Extreme Multi-label Classifier is Secretly a Hierarchical Text Classifier for Freecited by 2

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