Choosing Smartly: Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Object Detection in Changing Environments
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Abstract (arXiv)
Object detection is an essential task for autonomous robots operating in dynamic and changing environments. A robot should be able to detect objects in the presence of sensor noise that can be induced by changing lighting conditions for cameras and false depth readings for range sensors, especially RGB-D cameras. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel adaptive fusion approach for object detection that learns weighting the predictions of different sensor modalities in an online manner. Our approach is based on a mixture of convolutional neural network (CNN) experts and incorporates multiple modalities including appearance, depth and motion. We test our method in extensive robot experiments, in which we detect people in a combined indoor and outdoor scenario from RGB-D data, and we demonstrate that our method can adapt to harsh lighting changes and severe camera motion blur. Furthermore, we present a new RGB-D dataset for people detection in mixed in- and outdoor environments, recorded with a mobile robot. Code, pretrained models and dataset are available at http://adaptivefusion.cs.uni-freiburg.de
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Jul 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 9; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.
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- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 564
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
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- 2025Beyond Sight: Finetuning Generalist Robot Policies with Heterogeneous Sensors via Language Groundingcited by 40
- 2021Predicting the Future from First Person (Egocentric) Vision: A Surveycited by 36
- 2022Defending Multimodal Fusion Models against Single-Source Adversariescited by 20
- 2025Ultralytics YOLO Evolution: An Overview of YOLO27, YOLO26, YOLO11, YOLOv8, and YOLOv5 Object Detectors for Computer Vision and Pattern Recognitioncited by 17
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Datasetcited by 10
- 2024Cocoon: Robust Multi-Modal Perception with Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Fusioncited by 9
- 2022Robots Autonomously Detecting People: A Multimodal Deep Contrastive Learning Method Robust to Intraclass Variationscited by 6
22 more
- 2022An Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Approach for Multimodal 2D Object Detection in Adverse Weather Conditionscited by 6
- 2023Uncertainty-Encoded Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2023Exploring Model Learning Heterogeneity for Boosting Ensemble Robustnesscited by 6
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
- 2022Pay "Attention" to Adverse Weather: Weather-aware Attention-based Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2025A Survey on Dynamic Neural Networks: from Computer Vision to Multi-modal Sensor Fusioncited by 5
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metricscited by 4
- 2025Robust Experts: the Effect of Adversarial Training on CNNs with Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layerscited by 4
- 2025Semi-MoE: Mixture-of-Experts meets Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentationcited by 4
- 2022DBF: Dynamic Belief Fusion for Combining Multiple Object Detectorscited by 3
- 2024LDTrack: Dynamic People Tracking by Service Robots using Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2021AI perspectives in Smart Cities and Communities to enable road vehicle automation and smart traffic controlcited by 2
- 2022TinyM2Net: A Flexible System Algorithm Co-designed Multimodal Learning Framework for Tiny Devicescited by 2
- 2022Training-Free Robust Multimodal Learning via Sample-Wise Jacobian Regularizationcited by 2
- 2023Informative Data Selection with Uncertainty for Multi-modal Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025SAGE: Shape-Adapting Gated Experts for Adaptive Histopathology Image Segmentationcited by 1
- 2026Design and Behavior of Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layers in CNN-based Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
- 2022Detecting Humans in RGB-D Data with CNNscited by 0
- 2025TACOcc:Target-Adaptive Cross-Modal Fusion with Volume Rendering for 3D Semantic Occupancycited by 0
- 2026Learning Geometric and Photometric Features from Panoramic LiDAR Scans for Outdoor Place Categorizationcited by 0
- 2026Domain-Specialized Object Detection via Model-Level Mixtures of Expertscited by 0
- 2026Belief-Space Perception Routing under Coupled Sensor Faults and Compute Contentioncited by 0
- 2026Belief-Space Perception Routing under Coupled Sensor Faults and Compute Contention31 Jul 2026
- 2026Domain-Specialized Object Detection via Model-Level Mixtures of Experts20 Apr 2026
- 2026Design and Behavior of Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layers in CNN-based Semantic Segmentation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning Geometric and Photometric Features from Panoramic LiDAR Scans for Outdoor Place Categorization13 Mar 2026
- 2025SAGE: Shape-Adapting Gated Experts for Adaptive Histopathology Image Segmentation23 Nov 2025
- 2025Ultralytics YOLO Evolution: An Overview of YOLO27, YOLO26, YOLO11, YOLOv8, and YOLOv5 Object Detectors for Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition6 Oct 2025
- 2025Semi-MoE: Mixture-of-Experts meets Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentation17 Sep 2025
- 2025Robust Experts: the Effect of Adversarial Training on CNNs with Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layers5 Sep 2025
- 2025TACOcc:Target-Adaptive Cross-Modal Fusion with Volume Rendering for 3D Semantic Occupancy19 May 2025
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detection19 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey on Dynamic Neural Networks: from Computer Vision to Multi-modal Sensor Fusion13 Jan 2025
- 2025Beyond Sight: Finetuning Generalist Robot Policies with Heterogeneous Sensors via Language Grounding8 Jan 2025
22 more
- 2024Efficient Diffusion Transformer Policies with Mixture of Expert Denoisers for Multitask Learning17 Dec 2024
- 2024Cocoon: Robust Multi-Modal Perception with Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Fusion16 Oct 2024
- 2024The Ingredients for Robotic Diffusion Transformers14 Oct 2024
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Dataset14 Jul 2024
- 2024LDTrack: Dynamic People Tracking by Service Robots using Diffusion Models13 Feb 2024
- 2023Exploring Model Learning Heterogeneity for Boosting Ensemble Robustness3 Oct 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-Encoded Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Object Detection in Autonomous Driving30 Jul 2023
- 2023Informative Data Selection with Uncertainty for Multi-modal Object Detection23 Apr 2023
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metrics8 Mar 2023
- 2022Detecting Humans in RGB-D Data with CNNs17 Jul 2022
- 2022Defending Multimodal Fusion Models against Single-Source Adversaries25 Jun 2022
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May 2022
- 2022Pay "Attention" to Adverse Weather: Weather-aware Attention-based Object Detection22 Apr 2022
- 2022DBF: Dynamic Belief Fusion for Combining Multiple Object Detectors6 Apr 2022
- 2022Training-Free Robust Multimodal Learning via Sample-Wise Jacobian Regularization5 Apr 2022
- 2022An Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Approach for Multimodal 2D Object Detection in Adverse Weather Conditions7 Mar 2022
- 2022Robots Autonomously Detecting People: A Multimodal Deep Contrastive Learning Method Robust to Intraclass Variations1 Mar 2022
- 2022TinyM2Net: A Flexible System Algorithm Co-designed Multimodal Learning Framework for Tiny Devices9 Feb 2022
- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Tasks6 Dec 2021
- 2021Predicting the Future from First Person (Egocentric) Vision: A Survey28 Jul 2021
- 2021Improving Multi-Modal Learning with Uni-Modal Teachers21 Jun 2021
- 2021AI perspectives in Smart Cities and Communities to enable road vehicle automation and smart traffic control7 Apr 2021
- 2025Robust Experts: the Effect of Adversarial Training on CNNs with Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layerscited by 4
- 2025Semi-MoE: Mixture-of-Experts meets Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentationcited by 4
- 2025SAGE: Shape-Adapting Gated Experts for Adaptive Histopathology Image Segmentationcited by 1
- 2026Design and Behavior of Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layers in CNN-based Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
- 2026Domain-Specialized Object Detection via Model-Level Mixtures of Expertscited by 0
- 2026Domain-Specialized Object Detection via Model-Level Mixtures of Experts20 Apr 2026
- 2026Design and Behavior of Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layers in CNN-based Semantic Segmentation15 Apr 2026
- 2025SAGE: Shape-Adapting Gated Experts for Adaptive Histopathology Image Segmentation23 Nov 2025
- 2025Semi-MoE: Mixture-of-Experts meets Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentation17 Sep 2025
- 2025Robust Experts: the Effect of Adversarial Training on CNNs with Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Layers5 Sep 2025
- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 564
- 2021Improving Multi-Modal Learning with Uni-Modal Teacherscited by 40
- 2021Predicting the Future from First Person (Egocentric) Vision: A Surveycited by 36
- 2022Defending Multimodal Fusion Models against Single-Source Adversariescited by 20
- 2025Ultralytics YOLO Evolution: An Overview of YOLO27, YOLO26, YOLO11, YOLOv8, and YOLOv5 Object Detectors for Computer Vision and Pattern Recognitioncited by 17
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Datasetcited by 10
- 2024Cocoon: Robust Multi-Modal Perception with Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Fusioncited by 9
- 2022Robots Autonomously Detecting People: A Multimodal Deep Contrastive Learning Method Robust to Intraclass Variationscited by 6
- 2022An Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Approach for Multimodal 2D Object Detection in Adverse Weather Conditionscited by 6
- 2023Uncertainty-Encoded Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2023Exploring Model Learning Heterogeneity for Boosting Ensemble Robustnesscited by 6
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 6
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Belief-Space Perception Routing under Coupled Sensor Faults and Compute Contention31 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning Geometric and Photometric Features from Panoramic LiDAR Scans for Outdoor Place Categorization13 Mar 2026
- 2025Ultralytics YOLO Evolution: An Overview of YOLO27, YOLO26, YOLO11, YOLOv8, and YOLOv5 Object Detectors for Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition6 Oct 2025
- 2025TACOcc:Target-Adaptive Cross-Modal Fusion with Volume Rendering for 3D Semantic Occupancy19 May 2025
- 2025PedDet: Adaptive Spectral Optimization for Multimodal Pedestrian Detection19 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey on Dynamic Neural Networks: from Computer Vision to Multi-modal Sensor Fusion13 Jan 2025
- 2024Cocoon: Robust Multi-Modal Perception with Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Fusion16 Oct 2024
- 2024When Pedestrian Detection Meets Multi-Modal Learning: Generalist Model and Benchmark Dataset14 Jul 2024
- 2023Exploring Model Learning Heterogeneity for Boosting Ensemble Robustness3 Oct 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-Encoded Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Object Detection in Autonomous Driving30 Jul 2023
- 2023Informative Data Selection with Uncertainty for Multi-modal Object Detection23 Apr 2023
- 2023Camera-Radar Perception for Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS: Concepts, Datasets and Metrics8 Mar 2023
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)